Notes 09/23 Class 04: South Asia GEO105: World Regional Geography

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Notes 09/23Class 04 South AsiaGEO105 World
Regional Geography

• Michael T. Wheeler
• Syracuse University, Geography

2
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift

• Lecture slide 02

2.2 Plate tectonics and continental drift (p. 37)
3
Global Tectonics

• Lecture slide 03

2.5 Major tectonic plates (p. 39)
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Continental-Continental ConvergenceThe Himalayas

• Lecture slide 04

2.6 Creation of the Himalayas (p. 39)
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South Asias Physiography

• Lecture slide 05

11.3 South Asias physiographic regions (p. 495)
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Population Density
Lecture slide 06

• 11.14 Population density in South Asia 1995 (p.
  509)

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South Asia Population
Lecture slide 07
Country Population, 1995 (millions) Population Density (per km2)
Bangladesh 125.63 965.1
Maldives 0.26 875.3
India 979.67 329.5
Sri Lanka 18.78 290.5
Pakistan 131.58 170.7
Nepal 22.85 159.8
Afghanistan 25.05 38.4
Bhutan 2.00 16.2

Total 1305.82 254.1
United States 270.3 29.5
World Data Appendix, South Asia (Map workbook, p.
104)
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Monsoons

• Lecture slide 08

11.8 Summer and winter monsoons (p. 499)
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South Asia Precipitation

• Lecture slide 09

10
Environmental Hazards

• Lecture slide 10

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Bangladesh

• Lecture slide 11

(Also see Figures 11.41 and 11.42 in your text p
533-4)
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India before European Contact
Lecture slide 12
11.11 Mughal India (p. 503)
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Indo-European Contact, 16th-18th Centuries
Lecture slide 13
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India under Mercantile Colonialism
Lecture slide 14

• Countries
• Portugal
• Netherlands
• Great Britain
• Others (France, Denmark, Austria)
• Goods
• Spices
• Pepper, Cinnamon
• Tea
• Textiles
• Calico, Muslins, Silk, Cotton
• Indigo

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British India (to 1819)
Lecture slide 15
(Also see 11.13 The British conquest of India
(p. 505)
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British India, before the Sepoy Mutiny
Lecture slide 16
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British Raj, 1857 Reorganization
Lecture slide 17
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Break
Lecture slide 18

• 11.17 The geography of religion in South Asia
  (p. 511)

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The British Empire, 1947
Lecture slide 19
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Review
Lecture slide 20

• 535 U5
• What were the principal consequences of the 1947
  partition of India and Pakistan?
• Mapping Exercise 1 Geopolitical Conflict
• 1. Place icons of conflict
• 2. What patterns emerge?
• 3. What geopolitical and/or cultural ethnic
  factors promote conflict in the region?

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Workbook, Map 11.1 (p. 82)
Lecture slide 21
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States and Conflicts
Lecture slide 22
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Jammu and Kashmir (JK), Punjab
Lecture slide 23
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1947 Partition
Lecture slide 24

• Britain sought to follow the European model of
  building nation states on the foundation of
  ethnicity (p. 505)
• Ethnic Majorities
• Hindu (and Sikh) Indian
• Moslem
• East Pakistan (Bangladesh)
• West Pakistan
• Gandhi (1982)

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Before the Partition, 1947
Lecture slide 25
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Creating a Unified India
Lecture slide 26
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Post-Partition Migrations
Lecture slide 27
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Jammu and Kashmir
Lecture slide 28
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Separatist Movements
Lecture slide 29
11.22 Regional and separatist movements (p. 516)
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Sikh-Hindu Tensions
Lecture slide 30

• Outright demand by militant Sikhs of an
  independent Khalistan (Punjab)
• 1984, The Indian Army stormed the Golden Temple
  of Amritsar (shown)

• Later that year, Indira Gandhi was assassinated
• Two Sikh members of Prime Minsters bodyguard
• Anti-Sikh riots across northern India
• 3000 dead

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Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) - Hindutva
Lecture slide 31

• Ayodha (Uttar Pradesh)
• Temple to Rama (Hindu hero)
• Site of Babri Masjid (mosque)
• 1992 Crowd of 700,000 destroyed mosque

• Atal Bihari Vajpayee
• Prime Minister, 1998-2004
• 1992 Anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat
• Slain passengers on a train returning from Ayodha

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Congress Party
Lecture slide 32

• Secular Party
• Indian Constitution
• All persons entitled to freedom of conscience
  and the right freely to profess, practice, and
  propagate religion
• Five generations of Gandhi-Nehru Families
• Jawaharlal Nehru (PM 1947-64)
• Indira Gandhi (1966-77, 1980-4)
• Rajiv Gandhi (1984-9)
• May 2004 election
• Sonia Gandhi (Italian wife of Rajiv)
• Manmohan Singh (first non-Hindu PM)

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Jammu and Kashmir
Lecture slide 33

• Ethnicity
• Only predominantly Muslim state in India
• Large numbers of Hindu (Jammu) and Buddhists
  (Ladakh)
• Opposing Viewpoints
• India a secular state, religion should not matter
• Pakistan Muslims being repressed. Almost
  definitely encouraging militant separatists
• Line of control de facto border
• Violence
• Since 1989, 30,000 dead
• Three wars (1948, 1965, 1971)
• Indo-Pak nuclear tests in May 1998

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Quick Economics Outsourcing
Lecture slide 34

• Fiber optic cable communication to India
• Key Cities
• Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai (Madras), Mumbai
  (Bombay)
• Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT)
• Chandrababu Naidu (Andra Pradesh)
• Massive Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
• Reality
• Economics
• Difficulties

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Review
Lecture slide 35

• Physical Geography
• Worlds Greatest orogeny (mountain building)
• Extreme agricultural sensitivity to rainfall,
  especially monsoons
• Colonialism
• All European powers had trading enclaves
• British expansion
• British East India Company (private)
• Cooperation with local rulers
• Post-Partition
• Secular state? (Congress Party)
• Multiple states with dominant religions (Hindu,
  Muslim)
• Kashmir one of the worlds real danger points

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Next Week
Lecture slide 36

• Reading
• Chapter 8 88-131
• Review
• MTW1 According to your book, what were the
  three waves of industrialization?
• MTW2 How did the industrial imperialism of
  the 19th Century differ from the merchant
  colonialism of the 16th and 17th Centuries?
• MTW3 What is balkanization? Why are ethnic
  conflicts in the former Yugoslavia so difficult
  and bitter?
• p. 129 Testing Your Understanding 7-9
• Map Workbook
• p. 12 (use map Figure 3.1 on page 10).  Mapping
  Exercise 1 Spatial Distribution of GNP/Capita,"
  Questions 1-8.
• You do not need to do a legend. Just get a
  general idea of wealthier countries and lagging
  countries (interpretive questions 7-8). How do
  the prosperous countries relate to Figure 3.10
  (p. 89) from your text?
• Web Page
• classes.maxwell.syr.edu/geo105_f04/class_notes/05-
  Review.htm