Title: Aerospace Dimensions Module 6 SPACECRAFT Lecture by LtCol W' C' Courtney, CAP
1Aerospace DimensionsModule 6SPACECRAFTLectureb
yLtCol W. C. Courtney, CAP
2Chapter 1 - Unmanned Spacecraft
- After completing this chapter, you should be able
to - Define a satellite
- Describe an orbit
- Define apogee and perigee
- Identify Sputnik
- Define a space probe
- Describe the related parts that make up a
satellite system
3Important Terms
- Satellite - natural or artificial object in space
that orbits the Earth or other object - Orbit - the path a satellite takes around a
celestial body - Apogee - the highest point of an orbit
- Perigee - the lowest point of an orbit
- Sputnik - the first artificial satellite (Russian)
4Important terms continued
- COMSAT - communications satellites
- INTELSAT - International Telecommunications
Satellite Organization - NAVSTAR - navigation satellites
- LANDSAT - satellites that locate natural
resources monitor conditions on the Earths
surface - GOES - Geostationary Operational Environmental
Satellites
5Origin of Satellites
- German astronomer Johannes Kepler discovered
objects orbiting Jupiter - He named them satellites of Jupiter
- Satellite is French for guard or attendant
- Russians launched the first manmade satellite in
1957. It was called Sputnik - Earths only natural satellite is the Moon
6COMSTATs
- Huge business
- First commercial satellite was a COMSAT the
Telstar 1 in 1962 - Now includes, satellite television, radio etc
- Communication satellites provide reliable
timely communications information around the
world - DSN - Deep Space Network
- consists of 3 deep space com complexes
- Provide continuous com for planetary spacecraft
probing deep space
7Navigational Satellites
- First navigation satellite was Transit, developed
to provide Polaris missile subs with accurate
fixes - NAVSTAR is the GPS (Global Positioning System)
- A constellation of navigation satellites and
ground control facility
8NATURAL RESOURCE SATELlITES
- Locate natural resources monitor other
conditions on the Earths surface - LANDSAT series does this
- measures radiant energy
- monitors agricultural conditions
- aids urban planners in future development
management of coastal resources
9Geostationary Orbits
- Orbit over the equator (0 degrees latitude)
- Longitude may vary
- Satellite orbits at the same speed as the
rotation of the earth - Therefore it remains over the same point on the
earth
10Geostationary Orbits continued
- Keplers 3rd law says that the time it takes a
satellite to orbit a point increases with
altitude - Low orbit objects (200-400 miles up) take 15 to
16 orbits a day - The moon approx 240,000 away takes about 30 days
to make a complete rotation - At 22,300 miles it takes one day to rotate
- So it rotates at the same speed as the earth and
remains above the same spot on the earth
11Geostationary Orbits Continued
- Satellite TV satellites are geostationary
- Disadvantage is that far north locations have
trouble seeing them
12Why Geostationary TV satellites are a problem in
the far north
Ea
Earth
Satellite
Not to scale
13GEOS
- Geostationary Operational Environmental
Satellites (GEOS) - Weather satellites
14Space Probes
- Satellites or spacecraft that either fly by,
orbit or land on a celestial body other than
earth - They probe space
- Ranger - first to take photos of Moon
- Mariner series - probed Venus Mercury
- Pioneer probes - Jupiter Saturn
- Viking - Mars
- Voyager 1 2 - also Jupiter Saturn
15Satellite Systems
- A system is composed of all the elements that
make the item work the sub-systems - People
- Command control
- Propulsion
- Airframe
- Etc
- User defines the purpose requirement of the
satellite
16Items dangerous to satellites
- Radiation
- Charged particles
- Solar flares
- Micrometeorites
- Space junk
17ORBITS
- An orbit is the path a satellite takes around a
celestial body - Copernicus - in 1400 developed a heliocentric
theory of the universe - He theorized that the universe revolved (orbited)
around our sun - He was wrong
18Johannes Kepler
- First Law - the orbit of a planet is an ellipse,
with the sun at one of the foci - Shape of ellipse can vary to include almost
circular - Applies to satellites orbiting earth
Sun
19Ellipse
abconstant
20Interesting property of Keplers 2nd Law
Apogee
Perigee
- Area a Area b
- Time it takes to sweep Area a time it takes
to sweep Area b - Satellite travels faster sweeping area b
- Velocity _at_ Perigee higher than _at_ Apogee
21Apogee Perigee
Earth
Apogee
Perigee
Satellite
22Gravity Centrifugal Forces
- Force of gravity is towards the center of the
Earth - To remain in orbit that force must be balanced by
centrifugal force - Centrifugal force provided by giving satellite
escape velocity
23Activity One
24Chapter 2 - Manned Spacecraft
- After completing this chapter you should be able
to - List the manned space flight projects their
missions - Identify the American Russian joint manned
spacecraft mission - Describe the accomplishments of Alan Shepard
Neil Armstrong - State specific facts about the Hubble Space
Telescope
25Important Terms
- Mercury - 1st USA manned space flight program
- Gemini - 1st 2 man spacecraft space walk
- Apollo - project that put man on moon
- Skylab - USA space lab
- Apollo-Soyuz - USA Soviet spacecraft link up
- Space Shuttle - Space Transportation System (STS)
26Project Mercury (6 Flights)
- First USA manned space flights
- Purpose was to investigate ability of man to
function in space - Original 7 astronauts
- Alan Shepard became the 1st American in space
(Naval Aviator) - John Glenn first American to orbit the Earth
(Marine Aviator)
27Project Mercury
28Project Gemini (10 flights)
- 1st two man capsule
- 1st space walk
- Gathered enough data to convince scientists that
space flight could safely last of for weeks or
months
29Gemini in formation
30Gemini Recovery
31Project Apollo (11 flights)
- Mission - To put man on the moon
- Manned Apollo flights were numbers 7-17
- Apollo 7 - earth orbit
- Apollo 8 - 1st lunar orbit
- Apollo 11 - 1st landing on the Moon
- Neil Armstrong - 1st man to walk on moon
- Apollo 13 - failed to land on moon (not so lucky
13)
32Apollo Command Module
33Apollo Lunar Lander
34Apollo on the Moon
35Neil Armstrong on the Moon
36Project Skylab
- Mission to put a laboratory in space
- 3 different crews manned it at different times
- Last mission lasted 84 days
- Main lesson was that humans could exist in space
for at least 3 months
37Skylab on Launchpad
38Skylab in Orbit
39Skylab flyby
40Project Apollo-Soyuz
- Last manned space launch before Space Shuttle -
July 1975 - Apollo and Soviet spacecraft Soyuz rendezvous and
connect - Soviet and American crews move back and forth
between spacecraft
41Artist rendition of Apollo-Soyuz
42Soviet American Astronauts on Apollo-Soyuz
43Space Shuttle
- First reusable space vehicle
- First launch in 1981
- 5 vehicles produced to fly in space
- 2 have been lost, Challenger Columbia
- Has provided much space research
- Flew the European Space Agencys SPACELAB
- Deployed Hubble Space Telescope in 1990
- Because Hubble is beyond Earths atmosphere it
provides incredible images
44Space Shuttle
45Soviet Space Program
- In 1957 launched 1st satellite, SPUTNIK, into
space - In 1961 put 1st man into space
- In 1963 put 1st woman into space
- In 1965 1st astronaut to walk in space
- MIR is largest Soviet space station and had
longest longevity - Launched in 1986 and fell to
Earth in 2001
46Chapter 3 - Living Working in Space
- After completing this chapter, you should be able
to - Describe Space station Alpha
- Explain the differences between Mir and Skylab
- Define Spacelab
- Recall the significance of Salyut 1
- Describe the living working conditions in space
- Describe the different space suits
47Important Terms
- Space Station Alpha - Current space station, a
joint venture with USA, Europe, Canada, Japan
Russia (Also called ISS - International Space
Station) - Mir - Russias space station of the 1980s
1990s - Salyut - Russias first space station
- Skylab - USAs first space station
- Spacelab - European Space Agencys 1st space
station
48Space Stations
- Salyut 1 - In April 1971 Russians were 1st with a
space station (7 in the Salyut series) - Mir - next Russia space station (1986-2001)
- Skylab - USAs 1st (1973) proved man could live
work in space for at least 3 months - Spacelab - European Space Agencys lab inside the
shuttle
49Soviet Space Station MIR
50Space Station Environment Including Shuttle
- Air is mixture of oxygen nitrogen - remember
danger with 100 oxygen - Comfortable temperature maintained
- Conduct research experiments
- Perform daily physical exercise
51Extravehicular Activities (EVA)
- Russian Aleksei Leonov did 1st EVA in March
1965( 20 min) - American Ed White was next in June 1965 (22 min)
- Since then many more and longer EVAs including
moon walks - Astronaut orbits at about 18,000 MPH
52Space Suits
- Evolved
- Started as pressure suits
- Gemini flights used light weight removable space
suit - Apollo moon suit more advanced
- Suits need to protect from high and low temps
-256F to 248F
53Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU)
- First used in 1984
- Fits on back
- Enables astronaut to move around without being
tied to the spacecraft for up to 6 hrs - Move up to 300 ft from orbiter
- Nitrogen gas thrusters
- Redundant systems
54Later MMU
55Future in space
- Space Station Alpha (ISS) is now scheduled to be
completed in 2010 when the shuttle will be
retired - Shuttle to be replaced by an Apollo type
spacecraft called CEV - Crew Exploration Vehicle
56CEV landing on Earth
57After studying this module you should be able to
- Define a satellite
- Describe an orbit
- Define apogee and perigee
- Identify Sputnik
- Define a space probe
- describe the related parts that make up a
satellite system
58Study objectives continued
- List the manned space flight projects their
missions - Identify the American Russian joint manned
spacecraft mission - Describe the accomplishments of Alan Shepard
Neil Armstrong - State specific facts about the Hubble Space
Telescope
59Study objectives continued
- Describe Space station Alpha
- Explain the differences between Mir and Skylab
- Define Spacelab
- Recall the significance of Salyut 1
- Describe the living working conditions in space
- Describe the different space suits
60The End