French Colonial Outposts in North America and the Seven Years War. Robert H. Jackson

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French Colonial Outposts in North Americaand the
Seven Years War. Robert H. Jackson
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Beginng in 1608, the French established a series
of permanent outposts in North America. There had
been earlier French settlements, but the
establishment of Quebec in 1608 initiated French
settlement. Quebec was the heart of settlement in
the St. Lawrence Valley, which included farming
hamlets and towns such as Montreal and Trois
Rivieres. Some 40,000 people lived in the St.
Lawrence Valley at the end of French rule.
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Map of Canada, Great Lakes, and a Part of
Louisiana.
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Contemporary Map of French settlements in the St.
Lawrence River Valley.
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Quebec City was the center of French settlement
in the valley. Champlain first settled at the
base of a bluff in an area known as the Lower
City French settlement then spread to the top of
the bluff and the fortified Upper City.
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Quebec City in 1760.
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Map of City.
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Map of Quebec City in the mid-1770s.
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Site of Champlains first fort in Quebec.
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Site of Champlains first fort.
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Lower City.
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Lower City.
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Lower City.
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Lower City.
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Colonial Church in Lower City
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Upper City
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Upper City
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Upper City
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Upper City
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Upper City Church
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Defensive Walls seen from the Lower City.
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Mid-19th Century British Military Installation
Outside City Walls
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Fortress Louisbourg established by the French on
Cape Breton Island in 1713, and destroyed by the
British in 1758.Louisbourg was also a commercial
and fishing center. In 1745, a colonial American
force forcedthe surrender of the outpost.
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Cadastral Map of Louisbourg in 1734.
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Occupation of Louisbourg in 1745 by an English
colonial militia force.
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Views of the restored outpost.
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Population of Louisbourg
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Baptisms and Burials Recorded at Louisbourg
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Lake Champlain Region. The French attempted to
contest English claims to the upper Hudson Valley
by establishing outposts on Lake Champlain and
eventually attempting to occupy Lake George at
the onset of the Seven Years War. In 1757, French
forces destroyed Fort William Henry on the
southern shore of Lake George.
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Contemporary map of Lake Champlain.
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In 1739, the French built Fort St. Frederick at a
strategic point on Lake Champlain, at a site
where the lake is only ¼ mile wide. The new fort
controlled all lake traffic south or north.
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Fort St. Frederick in a 1740 Drawing
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The dominant feature of Fort St. Frederick was
the bastion, built alongside the lake. Shown here
in an 18th century illustration.
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Architectural Reconstruction of the bastion
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Diagram of Fort St. Frederick
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Ruins today of Fort St. Frederick
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Ruins of the Bastion today
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In the mid-1750s, the French occupied the
southern part of Lake Champlain, and began the
construction of Fort Carrilon, shown in an 18th
century map.
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Northern New York and lands disputed with France
in a 1758 Map.
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Map showing 1757 French campaign from Carillon to
Fort William Henry on Lake George.
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Battle for Fort William Henry.
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A second view of the Battle for Fort William
Henry in 1757.
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Fort Carillon during 1759 British campaign.
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The British attack on Carillon.
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Carillon passed into British hands and was
renamed Ticonderoga. The outpost figured
prominently in the American Revolution. After the
conclusion of the war, the United States army
abandoned Carillon/Ticonderoga to ruin.
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Ruins of Fort Ticonderoga in 1890
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In the early part of the twentieth-century a
member of the Pell family that owned the site of
the old fort began reconstruction. The process
continues today.
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Restored Structure at Fort Carrilon/Ticonderoga
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In 1759, British forces occupied Fort
Carrilon and Fort St. Frederick. The British
renamed Carrilon Fort Ticonderoga. Fort St.
Frederick, left in a damaged state by the
retreating French, did not suit the military
needs of the British. In the early 1760s, the
British began construction of His Majestys Fort
at Crown Point. The new fort was the largest
British military installation in North America.
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A Contemporary Map of Crown Point showing Fort
St. Frederick.
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A second contemporary map of Crown Point and the
ruins of Fort St. Frederick.
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Terre Haut-The Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi
Valley vital for the fur trade. Contemporary map
from the 1750s of a part of the Terre Haut,
showing French outposts and allied tribes.
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In the Niagara Falls region, the French built a
fort in the 1720s at the point where the Niagara
River enters Lake Ontario. Fort Niagara served
during three major wars, and was an active
military outpost into the 20th century.
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Overhead photograph of Fort Niagara
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French structure built of Stone at Fort Niagara
in the mid-1720s
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Fort Beasuejoir
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Fort Presque Isle-Map
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Fort Presque Isle-Map
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Fort Michilimackin.
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Ste. Marie Among the Hurons, a reconstructed
Jesuit mission established in 1639 on the shores
of Lake Ontario.
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Another view of St. Marie among the Hurons.
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A third view of Saint Marie.
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Diagram of Saint Marie
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French Illinois.
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Map of French Settlements in Illinois.
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Fort des Chartres located on the Mississippi
River (Illinois).
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Fort des Chartres.
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Fort des Chartres.
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Fort des Chartres.
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Cahokia (Illinois)
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Louisiana
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c. 1673 Map of the Mississippi Valley.
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French controlled Gulf Coast in 1720.
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Mobile-A map dating to 1702
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Another contemporary map of Mobile
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Fort St. Louis Model
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Archaeological excavations at French Mobile.
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Excavations at Mobile
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Fort Toulouse
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Contemporary map of Biloxi.
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New Orleans, the Crescent City, established in
1718. The French Quarter still retains the flabor
of colonial architecture, even with the later
Spanish and American imprint.
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Contemporary Map of New Orleans.
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A second map of New Orleans.
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Cathedral and Cabildo
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Cabildo
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Structure dating to the 1790s
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Typical French Quarter Architecture.
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Map of Lower Mississippi Valley and Red River,
including Natchitoches.
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France lost most of its North American territory
in 1763, but French colonization has left a
lasting imprint, particularly in Quebec and
Louisiana. The British defeated the French in the
Seven Years War. The war began in what today is
Pennsylvania with the defeat of a British
expedition sent to occupy the site of modern
Pittsburgh, lead by General Braddock.
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The conflict began when George Washington,
leading a Virginia militia force, attempted to
dislodge the French from For La Quense (Modern
Pittsburgh). A map of the fort.
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A map of Washingtons route in 1754.
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A 1776 Map of the Ohio River region, including
the site of Fort LaQuesne.
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Contemporary map of the battleground where the
conflict began in 1755.
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Braddocks Order of march.
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Braddocks Attack.
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Early Stages of War.
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Campaigns in New York.
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Conquest of Canada.
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Siege of Louisburg in 1758.
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Battle of Montmorency, July 1759.
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Battle of Quebec, 1759.
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Another map of the Battle of Quebec.
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A third map of the Battle for Quebec.
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Montreal, taken in 1760.
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North America in 1765, showing British garrisons
at former French outposts.
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1766 map.