The fundamental nature of matter and forces

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The fundamental nature of matter and forces
Physics 114 Spring 2004 S. Manly
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Inquiring minds want to know ...
Yo! What holds it together?
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CDF
Minos
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SLAC slides
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Event displays from the SLD experiment at SLAC
Event shapes
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Relativistic heavy ions

• AGS fixed target, 4.8 GeV/nucleon pair
• SPS fixed target, 17 GeV/nucleon pair
• RHIC collider, 200 GeV/nucleon pair
• LHC collider, 5.4 TeV/nucleon pair

• Two concentric superconducting magnet rings, 3.8
  km circum.
• A-A (up to Au), p-A, p-p collisions, eventual
  polarized protons
• Funded by U.S. Dept. of Energy 616 million
• Construction began Jan. 1991, first collisions
  June 2000
• Annual operating cost 100 million

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The view from above
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STAR
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Au-Au collision in the STAR detector
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Isometric of PHENIX Detector
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Brahms experiment
From F.Videbœk
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The PHOBOS Detector (2001)
1m

• 4p Multiplicity Array
• - Octagon, Vertex Ring Counters
• Mid-rapidity Spectrometer
• TOF wall for high-momentum PID
• Triggering
• Scintillator Paddles Counters
• Zero Degree Calorimeter (ZDC)

137000 silicon pad readout channels
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Central Part of the Detector
(not to scale)
0.5m
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Au-Au event in the PHOBOS detector
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What forces exist in nature?
What is a force?
How do they interact?
How do forces change with energy or temperature?
How has the universe evolved?
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The fundamental nature of forces virtual
particles
?E?t ? h Heisenberg
E mc2 Einstein
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leptons
quarks
Gauge bosons
u c t d s b
e ? ? ?e ?? ??
e
W, Z, ?, g, G
g
Strong interaction
Hadrons
Baryons qqq
p uud n udd
nuclei
atoms
Electromagnetic interaction
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Quantum Chromodynamics - QCD
Similar to QED But ... Gauge field carries the
charge