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Title: Morris%20County%20Public%20Safety%20Training%20Academy


1
Morris CountyPublic Safety Training Academy
  • Fire Fighter II
  • Crossover Review

2
FD Organization, Command and Control
  • All organizations must have regulations,
    policies, and procedures.
  • Regulations are rules that determine how an
    organization operates.
  • Policies are formal statements or directives.
  • Standards are consensus documents
  • Volunteer departments may be organized as
    independent corporations.

3
FD Organization, Command and Control
  • Board of Directors establish bylaws as governing
    documents.
  • Procedures are often referred to as standard
    operating procedures (SOPs).
  • Define how a task or assignment is to be
    accomplished
  • Same uniform function performed
  • SOGs are flexible guidelines

4
FD Organization, Command and Control
  • Command-manages incident, orders resources
  • Operations-performs activities
  • Planning-sets goals and objectives
  • Logistics-facilities and supplies
  • Finance/administration- record keeping

5
FD Organization, Command and Control
  • Command Staff Positions
  • Safety Officer responsible for all responders
  • Liaison Officer communication between agencies
  • Public Information Officer communicates with
    news media

6
Rescue
  • Crash Scene Assessment
  • Traffic
  • Number and types of vehicles involved
  • Number and apparent extent of injuries
  • Disentanglement requirements
  • Other associated hazards

7
Rescue
  • The victim may be above or below grade.
  • NFPA 1983 deals with rope safety.
  • Rescuers must be well-trained.
  • Be familiar with equipment and techniques.

8
Rescue
  • Extrication tools range from basic to specialized
    tools.
  • Hydraulic tools are operated by gasoline engine,
    electric motor, or air-driven motor.
  • Spreaders are used to push and pull.
  • Cutters are used for different tasks.
  • Rams are used for pushing.
  • Combination tools spread and cut.

9
Rescue
  • Air bags come in high-pressure and
    low/medium-pressure.
  • High-pressure bags operate at a maximum inflation
    pressure of about 130 psi.
  • Bags come in sizes ranging from 6x 6 to 36x
    36.
  • Low/medium-pressure bags can lift very heavy
    loads.

10
Rescue
  • Air chisels are valuable tools for rescue
    operations.
  • Reciprocating saws are also gaining popularity.

11
Rescue Harnesses
  • Class I safety/ladder belt
  • Class II belt with leg loops
  • Class III full-body harness

12
Structural Collapse Rescue
  • Collapse may be natural or from an explosion.
  • Pancake collapse
  • Lean-to collapse
  • V-type collapse
  • Structural members
  • need to be shored.
  • floors
  • walls
  • roofs
  • You need specialized training and equipment.

13
Confined Space Rescue
  • Definition
  • A space large enough to enter
  • Not designed for worker occupancy
  • Limited egress or access
  • Half of victims are attempting rescue
  • Concern of oxygen-deficient atmosphere
  • Space constantly monitored
  • Need proper PPE and equipment
  • Back-up crew ready

14
Search of Burning Structures (1 of 3)
  • This is one of the most dangerous rescue
    situations.
  • Training, practicing, and planning are the best
    ways to reduce danger.
  • Always enter in teams of two or more.
  • Two firefighters in full gear and a charged line
    should be ready to go in, if needed.
  • Known as two-in/two-out rule (OSHA)

15
Search of Burning Structures (2 of 3)
  • Perform a quick survey of structure and
    surroundings.
  • Always carry a tool, flashlight, and radio when
    searching.
  • Thermal imagers may help see through smoke.
  • Search single-family structures using wall as
    reference.
  • Known as right-handed or left-handed search

16
Search of Burning Structures (3 of 3)
  • Commercial or industrial structures require use
    of lifeline or guideline.
  • There are two operations to searching a building.
  • Primary search
  • Window search
  • Vent Enter Search
  • Secondary search

17
Victim Removal, Drags, and Carries
  • Victims must be removed carefully and
    expeditiously.
  • Try to not cause further injury or aggravate
    existing injury.
  • You may not be able to give care due to hazardous
    or hostile environment.
  • Use tight core to create power and reduce
    injury.

18
Blanket Drag
19
Techniques for Breaching Walls
  • Breaching walls
  • Size up the wall.
  • Remove the wall covering.
  • Bend or break pipes.
  • Push wall covering over on the other side.
  • Cut diamond or triangle shape for
  • Increased stability
  • Cool blades when cutting masonry walls

20
Servicing SCBA Cylinders
  • Test and certify air source.
  • Cylinders must have current hydrostatic test
    date.
  • Fill stations must have fragmentation containment
    devices.
  • Always follow manufacturers recommendations.
  • Remember, fill rates will vary.
  • (300-600 lbs./min.)

21
Communications
  • Receiving Reports of Emergencies
  • The following information must be obtained.
  • Location of emergency
  • Nature of the emergency
  • Callback number
  • Callers location and situation

22
Communications
  • First arriving unit establishes command and
    provides initial report.
  • Command can be transferred as needed.

23
Communications
  • Status/Progress reports should be given regularly
    during large incidents.
  • Some SOPs call for time marking incidents at
    regular intervals.
  • Initial Status within 10 minutes of arrival
  • Status Reports every 10 15 minutes
  • PAR 10 30 minutes, after emergencies, or mode
    changes

24
Endothermic Reaction
  • When molecules are joined, heat is absorbed.
  • This is known as endothermic reaction.

25
Exothermic Reaction
  • When bonds break, heat is released.
  • This is known as an exothermic reaction.

26
Vapor Pressure and Vapor Density
  • Air pressure changes at different altitudes.
  • At sea level, air pressure is 14.7 psi.
  • Gases that weigh less than the same volume of air
    will be lighter and tend to rise.
  • Gases that weigh greater than air will be heavier
    and tend to drop to low lying areas.

27
Nozzles
  • Fog Nozzles
  • Operate from 50 to 100 psi
  • Provide good reach that varies with pattern
  • Provide good penetration
  • Produce more steam
  • Can be used to assist in horizontal ventilation

28
Nozzles
  • Solid Stream
  • Hand line tips are from 3/4 to 1¼ at 50 psi.
  • Master stream tips are 1 and larger at 80 psi.
  • Hand lines can reach over 70 and master streams
    about 100.
  • Have less effect on a rooms thermal balance.
  • Have good penetration.

29
Nozzles
  • Special Purpose Nozzles
  • These were developed for use in limited types of
    situations.
  • Cellar nozzles and Bresnan distributors are
    effective for basement and cellar fires.
  • Piercing nozzles were designed to penetrate
    aircraft skin and building walls and floors.
  • Water curtain nozzle is designed to spray water
    to protect against exposures to heat.

30
Foam Characteristics
  • Foams ability to extinguish fires is based on
    several characteristics.
  • Application rate
  • Heat resistance
  • Knockdown speed
  • Fuel resistance
  • Vapor suppression

31
Classification of Fuels
  • Class A material can be extinguished using a
    detergent-based foam.
  • Class B fires include flammable liquids and large
    quantities of foam are best for these types of
    fires.
  • Hydrocarbons

32
Application of Foam
  • Foam is a mixture that requires a device to
    combine the foam concentrate with water.
  • Air must then be added.
  • An eductor is often used which works on the
    venturi principle.
  • Foam can also be delivered by a compressed air
    foam system.
  • Foam nozzles have the ability to aspirate proper
    quantities of air into the solution and apply the
    foam to the fuel.
  • Must have proper pressure and flow

33
Service Testing of Fire Hose (1 of 2)
  • Test fire hose prior to placing in use, and then
    retest annually.
  • Use a record keeping system.
  • Begin testing with a visual inspection.
  • Check for thread damage.
  • Check couplings
  • Service testing involves testing hose under
    pressure.

34
Service Testing of Fire Hose (2 of 2)
  • Pressure testing is designed to check for hose
    failure.
  • Place a hose test valve on the discharge pump to
    limit flow rate of the water.
  • Attach hoselines to the pumping device and test
    pressure.
  • Do not test more than 300 feet of hose at a time.
  • Follow local SOPs for testing.

35
Protective Systems
  • Protection of Occupants
  • Building codes
  • Fire Alarms
  • Protection of Structures
  • Sprinklers
  • Standpipes
  • Class ITrained users, 2½, 500 GPM, no hose
  • Class II-Occupant use, 1 ½, 100 GPM, unlined
    hose
  • Class III- Both users, 500 GPM, 2½ 1½

36
Preaction Systems
37
Water Distribution Systems
  • After treatment, water goes into the distribution
    system.
  • Water mains are divided into feeders.
  • Primary feeders divide into secondary feeders and
    distribution lines.
  • Good systems are interconnected into loops and
    grids.

38
Process of Fire Extinguishment
  • First, create a plan of attack.
  • Apply plan of action quickly, efficiently,and as
    safely as possible.
  • Attack methods
  • Direct
  • Indirect
  • Combination
  • The goal with any method is to save property.

39
Flammable Gas Fire
Vapor
Liquid
40
Fire Cause and Determination
  • Be aware of possible causes.
  • Be observant.
  • Do not remove anything until approved by
    investigator.
  • Any small markings or findings are valuable to
    the investigation.

41
Fire Cause and Determination
  • Preservation of evidence
  • Point of origin determination
  • V patterns
  • Depth of Char

42
Inspection Responsibilities
  • Equipment
  • Preparation for inspections
  • Conducting the inspection
  • Concluding the inspection
  • Reinspection

43
Pre-incident Management Process
  • Pre-incident management and preplanning are
    related, yet different.
  • Deciding to preplan
  • Site visit
  • Diagrams
  • Seeking input from others
  • The finished document

44
Type I Fire Resistive Construction
  • It is designed to stop spread of fire from one
    area to another.
  • Steel and concrete used for structural members.
  • There is a three- to four-hour fire resistive
    requirement.
  • Fire may spread through broken windows, elevator
    shafts, and utility runs.
  • Spalling weakens structure

45
Type II Noncombustible Construction
  • Steel is the primary material used.
  • It may have combustible contents causing fire
    spread.
  • Suburban strip malls are typically Type II
    construction.

46
Type III Ordinary Construction
  • Masonry walls with wood roofs and floors
  • May have many void spaces for fire spread
  • Sagging floors of older buildings reinforced with
    steel rods
  • Floor beams, typically gravity fit, may fail
    quickly when floors sag

47
Type IV Heavy Timber Construction
  • Thick masonry walls with large dimension lumber
    for floors and roofs.
  • Few void spaces, but many open spaces.
  • Floors will collapse when sagging leaving walls
    unsupported.

48
Type V Frame Construction
  • The wood frame is most common.
  • It may be balloon frame or platform.
  • Newer lightweight buildings are like a
    horizontal balloon frame. (serious hazard)
  • It is protected from fire by covering with gypsum
    board.
  • Brick veneers may be frame construction.

49
Construction Type to Occupancy Use
  • Anticipated use determines occupancy
    classification.
  • Common classifications
  • Residential
  • Commercial
  • Business
  • Industrial
  • Hazardous
  • Educational
  • Classification will help firefighters understand
    specific fire problems.
  • Buildings constructed under one type may have
    been converted to different use.

50
Building Materials
  • Effects of heat/fire
  • Steel expands and weakens
  • Wood chars, dimensions effect strength
  • Concrete spalls, pieces break off

51
Collapse Hazards at Structure FiresTrusses
  • Trusses are beams that use triangles of lumber to
    replace mass.
  • Failure of a single part will cause entire truss
    to fail.
  • Failure of a single truss may lead to multiple
    truss failures.
  • Gusset plates used to join wood components absorb
    heat faster than the wood.

52
Collapse Hazards at Structure FiresTrusses
  • Steel trusses have a high surface to mass ratio.
  • Truss roof collapses have killed and injured many
    firefighters.
  • An open web steel truss is called a bar joist.

53
Collapse Hazards at Structure FiresSigns
  • Waiting for visual indicators is dangerous rely
    on construction knowledge and preplanning.

54
Collapse Hazards at Structure FiresSigns
  • Factors and visual indicators that may assist in
    predicting a collapse
  • Age of building
  • Cracks
  • Presence of tie rods
  • Open spans
  • Sagging floors
  • Smoke from cracks
  • Bulging walls

55
Hazardous Material Management Systems
  • Different management systems are available to
    manage HAZMAT incidents
  • 8-Step Process
  • GEDAPER process
  • DECIDE process
  • HAZWOPER regulations require the use of Incident
    Management System (IMS).

56
Defensive Operations (2 of 2)
  • Absorption
  • Diking
  • Damming
  • Overflow
  • Underflow
  • Diverting
  • Retention
  • Dilution
  • Vapor dispersion
  • Vapor suppression
  • Remote shutoffs

57
Meter Terminology
  • Bump test (field test)
  • Calibration
  • Reaction time
  • Recovery times
  • Relative response
  • Oxygen monitor
  • Flammable gas indicators (FGI)

58
Morris County Public Safety Academy
  • Any Questions?

59
Morris County Public Safety Academy
  • GOOD LUCK!
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