Giving It All Some Perspective: A Brief History

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Giving It All Some Perspective A Brief History

• Chapter 29

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Outline

• Two major orientations or traditions
• Operant conditioning
• Respondent conditioning
• Mixtures of orientations

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The Operant-Conditioning Orientation

• 1938 B.F. Skinner published The Behavior of
  Organisms
• Outlined basic principles of operant conditioning
• 1950 Keller and Schoenfeld wrote an
  introduction to psychology text, Principles of
  Psychology
• Discussed principles of operant conditioning
• 1953 B.F. Skinner published Science and Human
  Behavior
• How basic behavior principles influence everyday
  behavior
• 1965 Ullmann and Krasner published a collection
  of readings, Case Studies in Behavior
  Modification
• First book with behavior modification in title

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The Operant-Conditioning Orientation

• Late 1960s
• Operant conditioning orientation spread
  throughout the Western Hemisphere
• University training centers developed
• Colleges offering courses
• 1970s
• Applied behavior analysis used by many

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The Respondent Conditioning Orientation

• 1927 Pavlov publishes a book, Conditioned
  Reflexes
• conditional reflexes reflexes that are
  conditional on pairing process
• Systematic study of Pavlovian conditioning
  (respondent conditioning)
• John B. Watson
• 1913 published a paper claiming that most human
  activities could be explained as learned habits
• 1916 adopted the conditioned reflex as the unit
  of habit
• Argued that most complex activities were due to
  respondent conditioning
• 1920 Little Albert experiments
• demonstrated that human emotional reactions could
  be conditioned in an experimental setting
• Clark Hull (1943, 1952)
• Developed a learning theory that capitalized on
  operant conditioning and respondent conditioning
• Did not distinguished between 2 types of
  conditioning
• Stated that reinforcement is involved in both
  types of conditioning

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The Respondent Conditioning Orientation

• Joseph Wolpe
• Reciprocal inhibition if one group of muscles
  is stimulated, an antagonistic muscle group will
  be inhibited
• Extended principle to anxiety using relaxation
  with anxiety Systematic desensitization
• 1958 published a book on reciprocal inhibition
  major force of launching of modern era of
  respondent conditioning in behavior therapy
• 1960s Moved to the U.S. and started a program at
  Temple University
• Hans Eysenck
• Criticized Freudian procedures
• 1960 published a book of readings, Behavior
  Therapy and the Neuroses
• Cases where respondent conditioning was used in
  therapy
• 1963 founded the journal Behaviour Research and
  Therapy

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Mixtures and Offshoots of the Two Major
Orientations

• Social Learning Theory
• Emphasis on regulation of behavior by external
  stimulus events, environmental consequences, and
  cognitive mediational process
• Julian Rotter (1954), Social Learning and
  Clinical Psychology
• Albert Bandura
• Emphasizes observational learning in addition to
  respondent and operant conditioning
• Emphasizes cognitive mediational processes as
  important influence on behavior
• Self-efficacy belief that one can perform
  adequately in a particular situation
• 1969 - wrote Principles of Behavior Modification

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Mixtures and Offshoots of the Two Major
Orientations

• Multimodal Behavior Therapy
• Lazarus (1971, 1976)
• Practicing clinicians should not restrict
  themselves to a particular theoretical framework,
  but should use a variety of behavioral techniques

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Behavior Therapy, Behavior Modification, and
Applied Behavior Analysis

• Often used interchangeably
• Behavior therapy first used by Lindsey,
  Skinner, and Solomon (1953)
• Term not used much by those within operant
  conditioning until Eysenck (1959) used it to
  describe procedures published by Wolpe
• Behavior therapy first appears in Watson (1962)
• Applied Behavior Analysis made popular in 1968
  with the founding of Journal of Applied Behavior
  Analysis

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The Future of Behavior Modification

• Helping professions are increasingly adopting
  behavior modification procedures
• Also being used in business, industry, sports,
  physical education, recreation, and promotion of
  healthy lifestyles.
• Thorough knowledge of techniques may become
  necessary.

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Mixtures and Offshoots of the Two Major
Orientations

• Cognitive Behavior Modification
• Ellis and Beck
• Focused on explaining maladaptive behaviors in
  terms of dysfunctional thinking
• Cognitive restructuring as a primary treatment
  component