Designing Participatory GIS/SDSS

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Designing Participatory GIS/SDSS

• Piotr Jankowski
• Department of Geography
• San Diego State University

http//geography.sdsu.edu/People/Faculty/jankowski
.html
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Lecture Outline

• Public participation as organized activity
• Design framework
• Example of PPGIS designs guided by the framework

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Public Participation Structured Activity
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Deliberative-Analytic Processes

• The deliberative component
• provides an opportunity to interactively give
  voice to choices about values, alternatives, and
  recommendations.
• The analytic component
• provides technical information that ensures
  broad-based, competent perspectives are treated .

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Structured Participation Procedures

Nominal group technique (NGT) Delphi process (DP) Citizen panel / citizen jury (CPJ) Technology of participation (ToP)
Goal statement Brainstorm ideas Clarify/negotiate ideas Vote on idea priority Goal statement Generate ideas Collect ideas Synthesize ideas Playback ideas Request for further change Listen to evidence Discuss evidence Negotiate positions Vote Repeat until reach consensus Goal statement Generate ideas Collect ideas Cluster ideas Synthesize ideas Label ideas Negotiate idea priority
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Approaches to Structured Participation
Step-wise Procedures for Four Methods of Structured Participation Step-wise Procedures for Four Methods of Structured Participation Step-wise Procedures for Four Methods of Structured Participation Step-wise Procedures for Four Methods of Structured Participation
Nominal group technique (NGT) Delphi process (DP) Citizen panel / citizen jury (CPJ) Technology of participation (ToP)
Goal statement Brainstorm ideas Clarify/negotiate ideas Vote on idea priority Goal statement Generate ideas Collect ideas Synthesize ideas Playback ideas Request for further change Listen to evidence Discuss evidence Negotiate positions Vote Repeat until reach consensus Goal statement Generate ideas Collect ideas Cluster ideas Synthesize ideas Label ideas Negotiate idea priority
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Comparing Methods
NGT DP CPJ ToP Participatory Activities
X X X Goal statement (context setting)
X X X Brainstorm items
X X X Negotiate (clarify) items
X X Synthesize clusters and label items
X Refine clusters
X X X Vote/poll
X Survey
X X Review/evaluation
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Which Participatory Activities?
Participatory Activities
Goal statement (context setting)
Brainstorm items
Negotiate (clarify) items
Synthesize clusters and label items
Refine clusters
Vote/poll
Review/evaluation
Other activities?
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More Questions

• Who participates?
• What Social-Institutional Influences?
• What Process?
• What Data?
• What Tools?
• What Outcomes?

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Assessment Framework for PPGIS
Convening Constructs
Process Constructs
Outcome Constructs



Public Participation as Social Interaction using
Participatory GIS Tools
Social-Institutional Influence
Task Outcomes
Group Participant Influence
Appropriation
Group Process
Social Outcomes
Data and Tool Influence
Emergent Influence
(Nyerges Jankowski, 1997, 2001)
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Assessing Convening Constructs

• Social-institutional influence
• Power and control
• Convening influence
• Rules and norms

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Assessing Convening Constructs

• Group participant Influence
• Participant values
• Knowledge of subject domain
• Attitudes towards technology

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Assessing Convening Constructs

• Data and Tool Influence
• Availability of relevant data
• Availability of information aids

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Public participation as social interaction using
GIS tools

• Appropriation
• Group process
• Emergent influence

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Summary of assessment framework

• Assess
• Problem context
• Participatory process
• Expected outcomes

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Design Considerations
Group Size Small Large
Technology Simple Complex
Setting Synchronous Asynchronous
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Eliciting participant information needs

• In-depth interviews with a diverse sample of
  participants
• Personas fictional composites that adequately
  represent the spectrum of diversity in
  backgrounds and perspectives among the
  stakeholders

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Identifying data and tools

• Data and tools as function of participant
• information needs and process requirements
• Process requirements guide the selection of
• tools supporting information flow

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Integrating data and tools

• Process requirements
• Technological arrangements

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Design example community-based water protection
zoning
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Design example community-based water protection
zoning
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Design example Participatory Geographic
Information System for Transportation (PGIST)
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Step 1 Discuss Transportation Concerns
1a Brainstorm Concerns
1b Review Summaries
Step 2 Review Planning Factors
2a Review Planning Factors
2b Weigh Planning Factors
Step 3 Create Packages
3a Review Projects
3b Review Funding options
3c Create your own package
Step 4 Evaluate Candidate Packages
4a Review Candidate Packages
4b Vote
Step 5 Prepare Group Report
Participatory Process
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Step 1 Discuss Transportation Concerns
1a Brainstorm Concerns
1b Review Summaries
Step 2 Review Planning Factors
2a Review Planning Factors
2b Weigh Planning Factors
Step 3 Create Packages
3a Review Projects
3b Review Funding options
3c Create your own package
Step 4 Evaluate Candidate Packages
4a Review Candidate Packages
4b Vote
Step 5 Prepare Group Report
Agenda Builder Value Organizer Alternative
Generator Choice Modeler Summary Generator
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Future Challenges

• Research Questions
• What are effective ways of eliciting public
  values and perspectives in different problem
  settings?
• How to combine formal knowledge with informal
  knowledge?
• How to assess costs and benefits of technology in
  order to make good design choices?

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Acknowledgements

• Timothy Nyerges and the entire PGIST research
  team from University of Washington, University of
  Wyoming and San Diego State University
• Amy Owen, Delta State University
• NSF Information Technology Research Program

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References
Jankowski, P., T. Nyerges, S. Robischon, K.
Ramsey and D. Tuthill, 2006. Design Consideration
and Evaluation of a Collaborative,
Spatio-Temporal Decision Support System,
Transactions in GIS, 10(3) 335-354 Nyerges,
T., P. Jankowski, K. Ramsey and D. Tuthill, 2006.
Collaborative Water Resource Decision Support
Results of a Field Experiment, Annals of the
Association of American Geographers, 96(4)
699-725 Jankowski, P., and T. Nyerges. 2001.
GIS for Group Decision Making. Taylor Francis,
London Nyerges, T. and P. Jankowski, 1997.
Enhanced Adoptive Structuration Theory A theory
of GIS-supported Collaborative Decision Making,
Geographical Systems, 43, pp. 225-257