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Building Green: Green Building Materials

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Geological reservoir includes only. estimated extractable reserves. 6 ... US Air Force DMSP. 22. Recent CO2 Emissions. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3143798.stm ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Building Green: Green Building Materials


1
Global carbon cycle reservoirs, fluxes and
processes
2
IPCC 2001
3
Global Carbon Cycle
4
Carbon cycle Role of biota Key
processes Photosynthesis Autotrophic
respiration Aerobic oxidation Anaerobic
oxidation Methanogenesis
5
Reservoir sizes in pedagram or gigatons
carbon Geological reservoir includes
only estimated extractable reserves
6
Carbon dioxide in glacial ice cores
7
Carbon dioxide records from ice cores
8
Carbon dioxide records ice cores and
measured
9
Rise in Atmospheric CO2
10
What are the driving forces?
  • Population growth
  • Based on UN estimates collecting info from every
    country using
  • Census data
  • Historical growth
  • Policies

11
Carbon Emissions Per Person
6
5
4
3
Tons of Carbon, per person
2
1
0
U.S.
Russia
E.U.
Japan
China
India
Africa
Sources World Resources Institute Underlying
data source U.S. DOE, Energy Information
Administration, International Energy Annual 1999.
Notes Shows carbon emissions associated
with fossil fuel combustion.
12
What are the driving forces?
  • Economic growth
  • Estimate growth rate country by country
  • Rate of development?
  • Constraints?
  • Policies

13
Transportation systems
14
Carbon emissions from US industry
15
What are the driving forces?
  • Energy Requirements
  • Fuels that feed our system

16
Fuel sources for power plants coal, gas, oil,
biomass
17
What are the driving forces?
  • Land Use Change
  • Deforestation
  • Mostly in tropical forests
  • Reforestation
  • Temperate forests now significantly managed
  • Afforestation
  • Land that was in other biomes now used for forest

18
Land Use Change
19
Deforestation and Biomass burning
20
Brazil
1975
2001
Source UNEP
21
US Air Force DMSP
22
Recent CO2 Emissions
Climate change The big emitters
http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3143798.stm
23
Global Methane Budget
M tons C/yr Tg C /yr
24
Global Methane Sources
M tons C/yr Tg C /yr
25
Methane Cycle
26
(No Transcript)
27
Methane and carbon dioxide releases from
arctic regions
28
Methane Emissions
29
US Methane Emissions
  • CH4 from Energy (as of 2002)
  • Natural Gas 6.7 M metric tons
  • Coal Mining 2.9 M metric tons
  • Petroleum 1.0 M metric tons
  • Stationary combustion 0.36 M metric tons
  • Mobile combustion 0.19 M metric tons

7,800 abandoned coal mines since 1980 emitting
CH4
30
US Methane Emissions
  • Waste Management
  • Landfills 6.3 M metric tons
  • Wastewater treatment 0.7 M metric tons

31
US Methane Emissions
  • Agriculture
  • Directly from animals 5.0 M metric tons
  • From animal waste 2.5 M metric tons

32
Summary
  • Understanding the drivers allows us to figure out
    solutions that influence sources
  • Major drivers are
  • Population
  • Energy Intensity
  • Energy Choices
  • Economic Growth

33
  • OceanicCarbon Cycle

34
Relevance
  • Oceanic C storage
  • Most important compartment
  • Will be where most of past, current and future
    emissions end up
  • Determines rate at which past, current and future
    emissions will be stored
  • Can be an important for C storage solutions

35
OCEANS Largest rapidly exchanging pools of
C Exchange at air-water interface followed by
deep mixing Settling of particles of inorganic
and organic C sequester C in sediments
36
Air-Water Exchange
  • Air-Water Flux (F)

gs gas exchange coefficient mol/m2 atm yr
As area of surface ocean m2 PCO2
Partial pressure of CO2 (superscript a atm,
s surface ocean)
37
Exchange of gasses across air-water interface
Magnitude and direction of gas flux depends
on Concentration difference between
atmosphere and water Transport
processes at interface Disequilibrium between
atmosphere and water caused by Changes in
temperature and salinity Production or
consumption of gases by biological and
chemical processes Transport processes at
air-water interface related - Wind speed and
associated turbulence Surface waves Surface
slicks (organic films) Rain
38
Transport Mechanisms Horizontal and vertical
movements of water Turbulent exchanges Sinking
of particles
39
Ocean Vertical Mixing
40
Ocean Biogeochemistry
41
Ocean Biogeochemistry
  • Chemical systems
  • Carbon, as Dissolved Inorgnic C and CaCO3
  • Organic Matter
  • Biological Production of Organic Matter
  • Limited by P, N or Fe availability
  • Constrained by CNP ratios

42
Carbonate System
CO2(g) CO2(aq) H2O H2CO3
H2CO3
KH 3.72 x 10-2 mol/L atm 10-1.5
PCO2
H2CO3 HCO3- H
HCO3-H
pK1 5.9
K1
H2CO3
HCO3- CO32- H
CO32-H
pK2 9.01
K2
HCO3-
43
Ocean acidification
  • Increase in dissolved carbon dioxide will
    generate more carbonic acid in ocean

www.uni-kiel.de/future-ocean/a1/index.shtml
44
(No Transcript)
45
Biological Productivity
46
Nutrient Profiles
47
Global Upwelling
48
Ocean Productivity
49
Biological C cycling
  • Key processes
  • Photosynthesis
  • Respiration
  • Decomposition
  • Limited by nutrient availability

50
Summary
  • Ocean storage of CO2 controlled by
  • Basic carbonate chemistry
  • Biological cycling (nutrient limited)
  • Rate of storage depends on
  • Physical transport to deep ocean
  • C storage in ocean needs to consider these
    limitations

51
Carbon storagesolutions?
52
C storage solutions
  • Idea 1
  • Collect CO2 from emission sources and store deep
    in ocean
  • May be as CO2 or clathrates

53
Storing C in clathrates
http//www.mbari.org/expeditions/GOC/gear/equipdes
c.htm
54
C storage solutions
  • Idea 2
  • Collect CO2 from emission sources and store deep
    in exhausted oil or gas reservoirs

55
C storage
56
C storage solutions
  • Idea 3
  • Store more C in ocean by fertilizing surface ocean

57
C storage solutions
  • Idea 4
  • Store more C in terrestrial biosphere

58
C storage solutions
  • Idea 5
  • Scrub CO2 from coal power plant flue gas
    (smokestack) and convert to calcium carbonate
    (CaCO3)

59
Science 20 October 2006 452-454.
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