The Emergence of Mass Society in the Western World

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The Emergence of Mass Society in the Western World
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The Industrial Regions of Europe at the End of
the Nineteenth Century
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The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

• New Products and New Patterns
• Substitution of steel for iron
• Other New Innovations
• Effects
• Toward a World Economy
• Products from all over the world
• Europe dominates
• The Spread of Industrialization in Russian and
  Japan
• Women and Work New Job Opportunities

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Organizing the Working Class

• Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels
  (1820-1895), The Communist Manifesto
• German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875
• First and Second International
• Revisionists
• Trade Unions

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The Impact of Darwin Social Darwinism and Racism

• Darwins beliefs and works
• Descent of Man AND On the Origin of Species
• Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927)
• Modern-day Germans the only pure successors of
  the Aryans

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Racism in the Late 1800s

• Anti-Semitism
• In nineteenth century many Jews left the ghetto
  and became assimilated into the cultures around
  them
• Anti-Jewish parties
• 72 percent of worlds Jewish population lived in
  eastern Europe
• Movement to the United States and Palestine
• Theodor Herzl (1860-1904)
• Zionism

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Population Growth in Europe, 1820-1900
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The Emergence of Mass Society

• New Urban Environment
• Growth of cities
• Migration from rural to urban
• Improving living conditions
• Housing needs
• V.A. Huber
• British Housing Act, 1890, allowed town councils
  to construct cheap housing for workers

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The Social Structure of Mass Society

• The Elite
• 5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to
  40 percent of wealth
• Who?
• The Middle Classes
• 15 percent of population
• Who?
• The Lower classes
• 80 percent of the European population
• Who?

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The Experiences of Women

• Marriage and the Family
• Difficulty for single women to earn a living
• Birth control
• Female control of family size
• Middle-class family
• Working-class families
• Daughters work until married
• 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible
  to live on the husbands wages
• Material consumption

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Movement for Womens Rights

• Fight to own property
• Access to higher education by middle and
  upper-middle class women
• Access to jobs dominated by men teaching,
  nursing
• Demand for equal political rights
• Most vocal was the British movement
• Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), Womens Social
  and Political Union, 1903
• Suffragettes

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Education in an Age of Mass Society

• In early 19th century reserved for elites or the
  wealthier middle class
• Between 1870 and 1914 most Western governments
  began to offer at least primary education to both
  boys and girls between 6 and 12
• Compulsory elementary education created a demand
  for teachers, most were women
• Natural role of women

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Leisure in an Age of Mass Society

• Created by the industrial system
• Transportation systems meant
• Working class could go to amusement parks, dance
  halls, beaches, and team sporting activities

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Discussion Questions

• Compare and contrast the First and Second
  Industrial Revolutions.
• How did Marxism differ from its socialist
  antecedents?
• Describe the key social changes of the second
  half of the nineteenth century.
• How did late nineteenth-century nationalism
  differ from nationalism at the beginning of the
  century?
• What was new about the new physics?