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Marine Turtles

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A special leathery pliable type of egg. They can live their entire life out of water ... Turtles - male chase female and claws her. Iguanas - Iguanas lay eggs ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Marine Turtles


1
Marine Reptiles
  • Marine Turtles
  • Sea Snakes
  • Marine Iguana
  • Saltwater Crocodiles

By Phyllis Butler
2
Marine Reptiles
  • Reptile Facts
  • Marine Turtles
  • Sea Snakes
  • Marine Iguanas
  • Saltwater Crocodiles
  • The Galapagos Islands

3
Everything you wanted to know about Marine
Reptiles and more
Reptile Facts
4
MARINE REPTILES
5
Marine Reptiles
  • Class Reptilia
  • Turtles
  • Snakes
  • Lizards
  • Crocodile

6
Marine ReptilesCharacteristics
  • Reptiles
  • Vertebrate animals with lungs
  • 3 to 4 chambered hearts
  • Scaly skin
  • A special leathery pliable type of egg
  • They can live their entire life out of water

7
More Characteristics of a Reptile
  • All reproduce on land
  • Reptiles are ectotherms . They regulate body
    temperature by the sun

8
Respiratory System
  • All have air breathing Lungs

9
Type of Nutrition
  • Turtles eat animals and plants
  • Iguanas eat plants, insects, and some animals
  • Snakes eat earthworms, insects, and fish
  • Crocs eat Crustaceans, Snakes, Birds, Mammals and
    Fish

Marine Iguana
10
Marine Reptiles
  • Some snakes eat other snakes.
  • Crocodiles eat fish and land animals,
  • if they can catch them.
  • Crocodiles often store the remains under
  • rocks, and return later when they get
  • Hungry.

11
Type of Reproduction
  • Turtles - male chase female and claws her
  • Iguanas - Iguanas lay eggs
  • Snakes - males use rapid tongue movement to
    attract female
  • Crocs Dominate males mate with females that lay
    eggs

12
Can Parts of Reptiles Regenerate?
  • Yes, the tail can regenerate.
  • Does not replace the segmented vertebrae.
  • A second tail may be formed

13
Marine Turtles
14
Sea Turtles
  • Green Turtle

15
Background on Sea Turtles
  • Sea turtles have lived in the oceans for over 180
    million years.
  • Some Sea turtles migrate long distances between
    their feeding grounds and nesting sites.
  • Sea turtles shells are called a carapace, four
    strong, paddle-like flippers and like all
    reptiles, lungs for breathing air. The
    characteristic beak-like mouth is used to shear
    or crush food.

16
More About Sea Turtles
  • All Sea turtle species are experiencing serious
    threats to their survival. The main threats are
    pollution and changes to important turtle
    habitats, over-harvesting of turtles and eggs,
    and predation of eggs and hatchlings
  • There are only a few large nesting populations of
    the Kemps Ridley, Green, Hawksbill and
    Loggerhead turtles left in the world.

17
Introduction to Sea Turtles
  • The eight species of Sea Turtles are unable to
    retract their appendages.
  • Six of the Eight species live in the waters
    around Australia and New Zealand.
  • ALL species are in danger of becoming extinct and
    are on the endangered or threatened species list

Leather Back Sea Turtle
18
More Sea Turtle Facts
  • Sea Turtles mate offshore
  • Lay eggs on land at night
  • Dig hole in sand and lay up to 160 eggs
  • Incubation period two months
  • Gender of hatchlings determined by incubation
    temperature
  • Warm ? Females
  • Cool ? Males
  • Females return to same beach each year
  • Require 10 years to reach sexual maturity

19
Sea Turtle Anatomy
20
Flatback Sea Turtle
Description
  • 4 pairs or more of large scales on either side
    (coastal scales)
  • Thick overlapping carapace scales
  • Carapace low domed with upturned edges
  • Color olive grey
  • Adult carapace approx. 0.9m

Flatback Sea Turtle carapace
21
Flatback Sea Turtle
  • Diet
  • The flatback turtle is carnivorous, feeding
    mostly on soft bodied prey such as sea cucumbers,
    soft corals and jellyfish

Jellyfish
22
Flatback Sea Turtle
Range and Breading Grounds

23
Green Sea Turtle
Description
  • 4 pairs of large scales on either side (coastal
    scales)
  • Does not have thick overlapping scales
  • Carapace high domed
  • Color light to dark green with dark mottling

Green Sea Turtle Carapace
24
Green Sea Turtle
  • Diet
  • Adult greens feed mostly on seaweeds and
    seagrasses although immature greens are
    carnivorous.

Seaweed
25
Green Marine Turtle
  • World Wide Range and Breeding Grounds
  • The range of the Green Marine Turtle,
  • ( Chelonia mydas ), is the largest of any of
    the sea turtles

26
Black Sea Turtle
Introduction
  • The black sea turtle is controversial because not
    all scientists consider it to be a species. It is
    often considered to be merely a subspecies of the
    green turtle and it is classified as Chelonia
    mydas agassizii.

27
Black Sea Turtle
  • General Description
  • The head size is comparatively smaller than that
    of green sea turtles.
  • Adult black turtles weigh as much as 220 pounds.
  • It nests at night and has 70 eggs.

28
Black Sea Turtle
  • Diet
  • Black sea turtles are not carnivores
  • Their diet consist mainly of algae, sea grasses,
    jellies

Sea Grass
Jellyfish
Red Algae
29
Loggerhead Sea Turtle
  • Description
  • long, slightly tapering carapace
  • 5 pairs (rarely 6) of large scales on each side
    (coastal scales)
  • Carapace longer than wide
  • Color red-brown to brown
  • Adult carapace approx. 1.0m

Loggerhead Sea Turtle Carapace
30
Loggerhead Sea Turtle
  • Diet
  • Loggerheads are carnivorous
  • They feed mostly on shellfish, crabs, sea urchins
    and jellyfish.

Sea Urchins
Crab
Jellyfish
31
Loggerhead Sea Turtle
World Wide Range and Breeding Grounds
  • Loggerhead turtles can be found in all of the
    oceans of the world
  • Major nesting areas are in Australia, Japan,
    United States and Central America

32
Loggerhead Sea Turtle
  • Endangered
  • The Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta) is on the
    endangered species list Internationally and in
    all countries where they nest.
  • The loggerhead turtle has lost 50-80 of its
    annual nesting population in the last decade.
  • Further loss of only hundreds of loggerhead
    turtles annually may threaten the survival of the
    species in worldwide

33
Olive Ridley Sea Turtle
  • Description

Olive Ridley Sea Turtle Carapace
34
Olive Ridley Sea Turtle
  • Diet
  • The olive ridley turtle is carnivorous, feeding
    mostly on shellfish and small crabs.

Lobster
Shrimp
Crab
35
Olive Ridley Sea Turtle
  • Arribada
  • Mass egg laying frenzies.
  • "Arribadas" occur all through the year, at least
    once a month and, in some months, may occur
    twice. The months between June and December,
    during the rainy season, see larger "arribadas".
    That means that the number of nesting turtles may
    be in the range of hundreds of thousands as
    opposed to tens of thousands for the dry season
    months.

36
Olive Ridley Sea Turtle
  • Arribadas

Olive Ridley Arribadas
37
Olive Ridley Sea Turtle
  • Distribution and Habitats
  • Olive ridleys occur in shallow, protected waters,
    especially in soft-bottomed habitats.

38
Olive Ridley Sea Turtle
  • World Wide Distribution
  • The largest "arribada" thus far recorded in
    Ostional (Costa Rica), took place in November
    1995 when a calculated 500 000 females came
    ashore.

39
Hawksbill Sea Turtle
  • Description

Hawksbill Marine Turtle Carapace
40
Hawksbill Sea Turtle
(Eretmochelys imbricata) The Hawksbill Turtle
gets its name from its hawk-like beak. . This
turtle's shell is the source of "tortoise shell",
and because of this commercial exploitation has
caused their numbers to dwindle. Their shell and
oils are in constant demand, placing this turtle
in danger.
  • Diet
  • Sponges make up a major part of the diet of
    hawksbills.
  • They also feed on seagrasses, algae, soft corals
    and shellfish.

Yellow Sponge
41
Hawksbill Sea Turtle
  • World Wide Range and Breeding Grounds
  • The Hawksbill Sea Turtle (Eretmochelys
    imbricata), prefers shallow coastal waters.
  • It is the most tropical of all sea turtles.

42
Leatherback Sea Turtle
  • Description

Leatherback Marine Turtle Carapace
43
Leatherback Sea Turtle
  • Diet
  • The leatherback turtle is carnivorous and feeds
    mainly in the open ocean on jellyfish and other
    soft-bodied invertebrates

Sea Nettle Jellyfish (Chrysaora fuscescens)
44
Leatherback Sea Turtle
Australian Breeding Areas
45
Leatherback Sea Turtle
  • (Dermochelys coriacea)
  • The Leatherback is the largest of the sea
    turtles. They can reach a length of 6 feet
  • Unlike the other turtles, the
  • Leatherback's shell has no scales. Instead it is
    covered with a rubbery leather-like skin.

46
Kemps Ridley Sea Turtle
  • Background
  • Modern history finds this smallest of sea turtles
    fighting its way back from the brink of
    extinction.

47
Kemps Ridley Sea Turtle
Range and Breading Grounds
  • The range of the Kemps Ridley Sea Turtle is from
    the Caribbean Sea to Eastern Canada
  • The only major nesting site is in the Gulf of
    Mexico

48
Sea Turtle Population Decline
  • Typical sea turtle population reduction

49
Endangered Sea Turtles
  • Tens of thousands of sea turtles drown each year
    in shrimp trawl nets around the world, despite
    the fact that a simple, but effective solution
    exists.
  • Turtle Excluder Devices (TEDs) are small
    trap-doors, sewn into shrimp nets, which release
    more than 95 percent of sea turtles and other
    marine species trapped in trawl nets.
  • TEDs have been required on all U.S. domestic
    shrimp boats for more than 10 years, and
    international use of TEDs and other conservation
    measures can help bring all species of sea turtle
    back from the brink of extinction.

50
Endangered Sea Turtles
  • The "shrimp and sea turtle" dispute continues at
    the WTO to this day. In November 2000, some
    countries challenged the steps the U.S.
    government had taken to implement the WTO
    Appellate Body decision, and in May 2001, a WTO
    dispute panel found that the U.S. had taken
    sufficient steps to implement this decision.
  • National Wildlife Federation is working to ensure
    that our sea turtle protection law is defended
    and upheld despite these continued trade
    challenges.

51
TED NETS
52
The EndSea Turtles
Help Protect our Planets Resources
53
Sea Snakes and sea Kraits
Sea Snakes
54
Sea Snakes
  • Yellowbellied Sea Snake

55
Introduction to Sea Snakes
  • There are about 80 species of
  • sea snakes.
  • Sea snakes are very venomous,
  • bur not very aggressive.
  • An average sized sea snake can produce 10-15
    milligrams of venom. The fatal dose for humans is
    1.5 milligrams!
  • Their poison is 20 times more powerful than the
    one of the cobra, but they inject much less if
    they inject any at all.

56
Adaptation to Sea Life...
  • 1 develop salt excreting glands under tongue
  • 2 develop flatten paddle-shaped tail and
    laterally compressed body (swim)
  • 3 reducing metabolic rate can stay submerged
    for long time by decreasing metabolic rate and
    develop increase intolerance for low oxygen
    levels. Valve-like flaps over nostrils stop
    water flowing into lungs
  • 4 greatly enlarged lungs extend to base of tail
    enabling large volume of oxygen to be stored in
    lungs
  • 5 believed that parts of lungs function as
    hydrostatic organ regulating snake buoyancy
  • 6 gaseous exchange occurs through both the lungs
    and skin

57
Sea snake Sub Groups
  • Two main sub groups
  • true- specialized for fully aquatic existence,
    live birth, never leave water
  • sea kraits- hunt food in water, land to digest
    food, mate, shed skin and lay eggs

58
Sea snakes
59
ReproductionBreeding
  • Oviparous / Viviparous however...
  • two methods of mating
  • mate and lay eggs on shore in crevices or caves
  • mate at sea and give birth to live young (true)

60
Diet
  • 2 subdivisions to behavior bottom feeders- 100
    meters to locate and devour prey
  • pelagic feeders- surface feeders drift with the
    warm tide
  • catch prey with sideways strike of the head
    bite,inject venom into prey,
  • eels, fish, fish eggs, own eggs, cuttlefish, crabs

61
Yellowbellied Sea Snake
  • The most dangerous snake in the world
  • There is no known anti-toxin
  • If you are bitten by this snake you will die
  • However, these snakes are found mostly in the
    open sea.
  • They are not aggressive and rarely bite humans.

62
Sea krait
  • Sea Kraits are extremely venomous

63
SEA SNAKES
  • Kraits have three different types of neurotoxins.
  • Sea snakes have a neurotoxin as well as two blood
    toxins (one causes lysis blood cells, the other
    is an anti-coagulant).

64
Sea snake Venom
  • 2-10 times toxic than cobras 1 drop kills 3
    men
  • Bites usually unnoticedlittle pain, swelling,
    inflammation, fang marks barely visiblesometimes
    fangs are in wounds
  • Causes respiratory arrest and paralyzes skeletal
    muscles
  • Paralyzing agent to the nervous system causes
    suffocation
  • Due to a bite reflex, sea snakes can bite and
    inject venom up to hour after death, even after
    decapitation

65
Venom Extraction
  • Needed for anti-venom

66
Marine Iguana
67
MARINE IGUANA
  • Amblyrhynchus cristatus
  • The only sea-going lizard is
  • found in the Galapagos Islands

68
Marine Iguanas
  • Can dive to 15 m
  • Can hold breath for 30-60 minutes
  • Good swimmers
  • Long, laterally flattened tail
  • Marine Iguana

69
Marine Iguana
  • One species Galápagos Islands
  • Males colored more brightly than females
  • Different populations (different coloration) on
    various islands

70
Darwins Iguanas
Territorial Males fight to establish
territories Males maintain harems Females dig
nests in sand for eggs
Marine Iguana
71
Iguana in the Galapagos
Feed on algae
72
Marine Iguana
Eliminate salt through salt glands near nostrils
73
Aggressive and potentially dangerous to people
Saltwater Crocodile
74
CROCODILIANS
  • SUBFAMILIES
  • ALLIGATORINAE
  • CROCODYLINAE
  • GAVIALINAE

23 SPECIES
75
SaltWater Crocs
  • Largest crocodile species - Males larger than
    females
  • May reach 23 feet and 1000 kg

76
Crocs are slow starters
  • Slow to reach sexual maturity
  • Males mature at 15-16 years
  • Females mature at 10-12 years

77
Saltwater Crocodile
  • One species
  • East Indian Ocean,
  • W Pacific, Australia

78
Crocs can Live on Land
  • Diverse diet
  • Crustaceans, Snakes, Birds, Mammals and Fish

79
SaltWater Crocs
  • They Eat Fish

80
SaltWater Crocs
  • Mostly inhabit mangrove forests

81
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82
Galapagos Islands
83
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84
Galapagos Marine Reptiles
  • The waters around the Galapagos team with
    abundant life forms, some that are unique to them.

85
Galapagos Claim to Fame
  • Darwins Historical Visit
  • Unique Flora and Fauna
  • Tame animals

86
How to take advantage of this fragile resource
while protecting it?
  • Tourism is the only industry has been successful
    in the Galapagos.
  • Large population can not be supported on Islands.

87
Economic Significanceof a Galagapos Marine
Reptiles
  • Some reptiles are eaten on occasions
  • The Green turtle, and the Galapagos turtle are
    the most eaten turtles
  • Leather goods are made from the skins of some
    reptiles
  • Lizards are used in science experiments

88
This Fragile resource is being abused
  • Unique but fragile ecosystems.
  • Many species threatened or on the brink of
    extinction.
  • Local Sharks
  • Galapagos Tortoise
  • Land Iguana
  • Mangrove Finch

89
Galapagos Marine Reserve
  • In 1998 Ecuador signed a law prohibiting
    industrial fishing within 40 miles of Galapagos.
  • Local Fishers Protested
  • Currently being enforced by Ecuadorian Navy and
    GNPS.
  • Columbian and Costa Rican boats captured with 619
    fins and 100 bodies of sharks.

90
Conclusion
  • Marine reptiles are an important part of our
    planets heritage and we are rapidly eliminating
    them.
  • We all need to be aware of the damage that we are
    causing to this planet that is leading to our own
    and our heirs demise.

91
The End
  • By Phyllis Butler for her Oceanography Class
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