An International Solution for the United States ADSB Program

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An International Solution for the United States
ADS-B Program

• Eric Rolfe
• 15 February 2007

Export Control Approval TD-07-0015
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Raytheon Who We Are

• We are
• A Customer Focused company that places the
  highest value on People, Integrity, Commitment
  and Excellence  
• 2005 Sales 21.9 billion
• More than 80,000 employees worldwide
• Headquarters Waltham, Massachusetts
• Our Vision
• Be the most admired defense and aerospace systems
  supplier through world-class people and
  technology.

Working as One Company Focused on Customer Success
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Raytheon What We Do

• A world leader in technology-driven solutions
  that provide customers with integrated mission
  systems
• Raytheon is an industry leader in
• Defense, government and commercial electronics
• Space
• Information technology
• Technical services
• Business aviation and special mission aircraft
• Raytheon provides integrated mission systems to
  meet the critical defense and non-defense needs
  of its customers

Focused on the Customer
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Raytheon ATM around the World
Raytheons ATM success and global presence in
over 45 countries is achieved through customer
focus, state-of-the-art technology and total
system solutions capability
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Raytheon Solid State ATC Radars Around the World
Switzerland
Botswana
China
Oman
Norway - Gullfaks
Heathrow
US
India
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ADS-B Example International Requirements
also trial systems in China, Tanzania
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US Requirements
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History

• Three links considered VDL-M4, 1090ES, UAT
• EUROCONTROL/FAA co-chaired Link Assessment Team
• FAA performed cost/benefit analysis
• Link Decision 2002
• Two links are selected
• 1090ES for high flying aircraft
• UAT for low flying GA aircraft
• Benefits
• Safety (visual acquisition, situational
  awareness, graphical weather)
• Capacity (spacing and separation, surveillance in
  non-radar airspace)
• Underlying Idea was that users would equip to get
  the benefits
• GA Traffic Information Service and Flight
  Information Service
• Air Carrier Terminal/Surface Applications

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Traffic Information Service Broadcast (TIS-B)

• Uplink broadcast of radar (or other sensor)
  derived nearby aircraft positions
• Broadcast from Ground Stations
• ADS-B Equipped aircraft are filtered out
• Should be available from air-to-air ADS-B link
• Used as an aid to visual acquisition only
• Essential service 99.9 Availability
• Note that FAA distinguishes between TIS-B and
  Rebroadcast function

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Flight Information Service Broadcast (FIS-B)

• Uplink broadcast of weather and aeronautical
  information
• Broadcast from Ground Stations
• Only provided on UAT Link
• Essential Service 99.9 Availability
• Includes
• Weather radar
• METAR/TAF
• Winds/Temps Aloft
• Temporary Flight Restrictions
• Other information

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UAT

• UAT is selected to provide ADS-B and associated
  services for the general aviation user because
• Lower cost
• BUTnot borne out by experience to date
• Tradeoff between
• Update/upgrade of transponder
• Newly equipping for UAT
• Greater uplink capacity especially for FIS-B
  service!

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Multi-link Gateway ServiceADS-Rebroadcast
(ADS-R)

• Ground-based system to interconnect the two
  links 1090ES and UAT
• Allows interoperability between the two links
• Reads messages from one link re-broadcasts on
  the other
• Time-corrects positions to account for slight
  broadcast delay
• Critical service 99.999 availability

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Service-based procurement

• Not a traditional procurement
• Supplier is to acquire, deploy, and operate two
  services
• Surveillance Service
• ADS-B
• ADS-R
• Broadcast Service
• TIS-B
• FIS-B
• Performance-based specification does not tie
  supplier to specific implementation

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FAA Desire for Innovation

• Providing maximum flexibility to allow creative
  solutions
• Specifically have asked for innovation to
  achieve
• Earlier/Increased User Benefits
• Reduced Investment
• Encouraging Third Party Data Sales to reduce FAA
  financial burden

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Challenges and Issues
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Coverage

• Dual Link Air-to-Air Surveillance depends on
  Ground Infrastructure
• Limits use outside of ground based
  receiver/transmitter coverage
• FIS-B
• Not available on surface at most GA airports
• Reduces utility as a tactical planning tool
• May not be available at low altitude underneath
  ground station coverage
• May not be available in mountainous terrain
  coverage blocked in valleys, etc.

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Availability/Integrity Air-to-Air

• Dual Link Integrity may be an issue for some
  applications
• Merging/Spacing
• Parallel Approaches
• Failure of Ground Station
• Hard Failure will aircraft detect it quickly
  enough
• Soft Failure will aircraft detect it at all?
• Long term GA pilots dont want a required
  transponder plus UAT
• issues with TCAS?
• SSR/TIS?

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Security

• Re-broadcast can be exploited

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Spectrum Utilization

• Dual Link Uses Twice the Spectrum for the Same
  Traffic
• All traffic on 1090ES
• All traffic on UAT
• Co-located Transmitters reduce Probability of
  Detection
• UAT (on 978 MHz) conflicts with other aviation
  uses

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International Interoperability

• 1090ES is widely accepted standard
• UAT has limited acceptance and deployment
• Some aircraft operate in mixed GA and commercial
  environments
• Might have to equip with both links?
• And VDL M4?
• Light aircraft flying to Canada or Mexico from
  US?
• International sales of light aircraft?
• Commonality of avionics?

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Proposed Solution
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Baseline Solution
Un-equipped
1090
UAT
Cross Link
Other A/C Positions (TIS-B)
Weather Service (FIS-B)
Air Traffic Control
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Proposed Solution
XM
Un-equipped
1090
Other A/C Positions (TIS-B)
Weather Service (FIS-B)
Air Traffic Control
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What About Frequency Congestion?

• Some concern that having all aircraft on same
  frequency will cause too much congestion
• Rebroadcast results in same effect
• Problem is worst where re-broadcast needed most
  terminal airspace
• Advances in decoding have mitigated congestion
  issues

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Raytheon Decoder Results

• A recent Eurocontrol funded study by a
  consultancy company produced similar results.
• The results show that for a given Pd, the RSL
  decoder has roughly double the range of the MOPS
  decoder.
• Put another way, the Raytheon decoder can operate
  in significantly denser traffic environments.

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Coverage Baseline Solution
Floor of Coverage
King Air 1090ES Equipped
Cessna 172 UAT Equipped
Community Airport (e.g., Bar Harbor)
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Coverage Proposed Solution

• Weather Data Available
• Other Traffic Visible

Floor of Coverage
XM
King Air 1090ES/XM Equipped
Cessna 172 1090ES/XM Equipped
Community Airport (e.g., Bar Harbor)
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Coverage FIS-B
Planned FIS-B Coverage End of 2010
XM FIS-B Coverage 2007
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Cost

• Reduces ground infrastructure
• Redundant receivers (1090)
• Single transmitter (1090)
• VS
• Redundant receivers (1090)
• Redundant transmitters (1090)
• Redundant receivers (UAT)
• Redundant transmitters (UAT)
• Eliminates ADS-Rebroadcast development and
  certification

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Summary

• Proposed solution provides
• International compatibility
• Cost effective solution
• Improved coverage
• Improved safety
• Spectrum savings