Global satellite observations of greenhouse gas emissions

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Global satellite observations of greenhouse gas
emissions
EVERGREEN EnVisat for Environmental
Regulationof GREENhouse gasesInternational
Workshop 19-20 January 2006

• EC 5th Framework Programme
• EVG1-CT2002-00079
• Coordinated by Albert P H Goede, KNMI
• Website http//www.knmi.nl/evergreen

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EVERGREEN Objectives

• Retrieve emissions (sources, sinks) of CH4, CO,
  and possibly CO2 by inverse modelling of
  ENVISAT/SCIAMACHY measurements and from EOS
  Terra/MOPITT measurements
• Radiation budget/forcing calculations employing
  ENVISAT MIPAS and MSG/GERB data
• End user participation
• EU policy Contribution to Kyoto Protocol and Rio
  Convention

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EVERGREEN Partners

• KNMI (NL, coordinator),
• Univ. Bremen (DE),
• Univ. Leicester (GB),
• Univ. Heidelberg (DE),
• NILU (NO),
• SRON (NL),

• MPI-BGC (DE),
• BIRA-IASB (BE),
• UPMC-SA (FR),
• RWE-Rheinbraun (DE),
• Univ. Liège (BE),
• EC-JRC-IES (IT)

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EVERGREEN History

• Proposal submitted October 2001
• Score 80 points out of 100
• Excellent team, important though challenging
  objective, synergistic use of satellite
  instruments, links to industry
• Did not like radiative budget/forcing part
• Rescheduling of retrieval and validation task
• Overall budget cut of 25
• Project Start 1 February 2003
• Project End 31 January 2006

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EVERGREEN Tasks/Leaders

• Retrieval and validation CH4, CO, CO2,
• plus O2 and clouds.
• M Buchwitz, Uni Bremen
• Radiation budget modelling use of measured CH4
  distributions in radiative budget and radiative
  forcing calculations.
• P Monks, Uni Leicester
• (Inverse) modelling CH4, CO, CO2 emissions
  derived from concentration measurements.
• J-F Meirink, KNMI

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EVERGREEN Task 1 retrieval and validation

• SCIAMACHY nadir/limb
• ESA ENVISAT (March 2002)
• UV-vis-NIR 2-stage
• spectrometer measuring
• absorbed and scattered sun
• light (230 nm 2380 nm)
• from the Earth atmosphere
• (day only)
• GERB/EUMETSAT MSG-1 (Aug 2002)
• Measurement Total
• Radiation Emitted from Top
• of Atmosphere

• MIPAS limb ESA ENVISAT
• Infrared Fourier Transform spectrometer
  measuring the thermal emission (4.1 µm-14.6 µm)
  from the Earth atmosphere (day and night)
• MOPITT nadir NASA EOS Terra (Dec 1999)
• Gas correlation radiometer
• measuring solar 2.4µm and thermal
• 4.7 µm radiation

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Status SATELITE data

• ENVISAT Instrument Status
• SCIAMACHY functions well (98 operational) Main
  source of data
• Channels 7 (CO2) and 8 (CO, CH4) suffer from Ice
  formation
• Reduced performance.
• MIPAS operates in campaign mode since January
  2005 (3 days on, 4 days off). Reduced spectral
  resolution. Only test data for Jun 04-Dec 04.
• ENVISAT on Ground Data System
• ESA operational data processor and data
  distribution system does not function properly.
• EVERGREEN relies on scientific data products from
  partners.
• MOPITT Only 4.7 µm CO channel operational (out of
  8 channels)
• GERB operational but problems with geo-location
  of observations

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SCIAMACHY Operations Statistics
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SCIAMACHY very reliable operation (98 duty
cycle)Could go on until 2010-2012 depending on
ENVISAT operations (primarily funding)
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SCIAMACHY spectral range
CO2
CO
CH4
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Ice layer on SCIAMACHY IR channels
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SCIAMACHY IR channels 6 has no ice layer
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Retrieval methane by Double DOAS

• Along its path through the atmosphere a solar
  photon
• is scattered by aerosol and cloud and reflected
  back by Earth surface into the atmosphere, to be
  eventually collected by the satellite instrument.
  
• DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption
  Spectroscopy) relies on absorption of solar
  photon by target molecule. This is compared with
  adjacent spectral photon that is not absorbed by
  target molecule
• Advantage relative measurement retrieving unknown
  atmosphere. However, relation to total columns
  needs to be established (air mass factor)
• Double DOAS Total column amount retrieved by
  rationing to well known gas concentration
  distribution, i.e. Oxygen, taking into account
  scattering aerosol and cloud.
• Improved CH4 rationed by CO2, both Channel 6.

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EVERGREEN Task 2 radiation modelling

• Radiation budget at Top of Atmosphere. Impact of
  methane measurements assessed by model
  calculations
• Radiative forcing Importance CH4 vs. CO2, N2O,
  CFC, based on measured CH4.
• MIPAS CH4 stratospheric profile
• SCIA CH4 total column variability
• GERB/MSG total radiation fluxes

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EVERGREEN Task 3 inverse modelling

• Model Inter-comparison
• assess and understand differences in
  chemistry-transport models, i.e. vertical
  transport boundary layer
• Models
• TM3/TM5 (Methane and Carbon dioxide)
• IMAGES (Carbon monoxide)
• Tests
• Boundary-layer and convective transport ? 222Rn
• General circulation ? SF6
• Chemistry ? OH
• CH4 forward runs

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EVERGREEN Task 3 inverse modelling

• Inverse modelling
• derive emissions from measured atmospheric
  concentrations CH4 and CO
• Starting point
• bottom-up emission inventories ? contain large
  uncertainties on regional scale
• partly clouded pixels included to improve
  inversion
• Tools
• Synthesis inversion
• 4D-var data assimilation

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EVERGREEN Workshop Agenda

• Day 1 CO and CO2 measurement and model
• Future satellites
• Forum discussion Future prospects
• Day 2 CH4 measurement and model
• Radiation modelling
• Related EC projects

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EVERGREEN Summary

• Retrieval validation SCIAMACHY total column
  CH4, CO and CO2.
• Column ratios O2/CO2.
• Retrieval validation MIPAS stratospheric CH4.
• Radiation modelling compared with measured CH4
  data
• Inverse modelling CH4 and CO emissions
• Improvement CH4 emission inventory
• Input to GHG Policy
• Input to Energy generating Industry