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Bioenergetics

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most use cellular respiration. ATP = Adenosine triphosphate ... Cellular Respiration Ch. 9 ... See page 228. Summary of ATP production in Cellular Respiration ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Bioenergetics


1
Bioenergetics
2
  • The Big Picture
  • - energy flows through
  • - matter recycles

3
  • Producers Autotrophs
  • - organisms which can make their food
  • - plants, algae, some bacteria
  • - most use photosynthesis
  • Consumers Heterotrophs
  • - organisms which get their food from other
    organisms
  • - animals, fungi, most protists
  • - most use cellular respiration
  • ATP Adenosine triphosphate
  • - normal molecule that cells use to store and
    release energy
  • - used to power all cellular work

4
  • - stores small amounts of usable energy
  • - cells must recycle it quickly
  • Photosynthesis
  • - process by which plants use the energy of
    sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide
    into high-energy carbohydrates (sugars carbs)
    and oxygen (a waste product)
  • 6CO2 6H2O ---light--gt C6H12O6 6O2
  • carbon dioxide water ---light--gt sugars
    oxygen
  • - chlorophyll is the primary light-gathering
    pigment of plants
  • - chlorophyll reflects green light

5
See diagram page 209 in text
6
  • Photosynthesis happens in mesophyll cells of a
    leaf.
  • - contain chloroplasts which have thylakoids
    where reactions occur
  • - two sets of reactions
  • 1. Light-dependent reactions
  • 2. Light-independent reactions Calvin cycle
  • Light-dependent reactions
  • - require light
  • - happen in photosystems on thylakoid membranes
  • - sunlight splits water into H and O2
  • - also forms ATP and NADPH
  • -NADPH carries electrons (energy) to Calvin cycle

7
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8
  • - excited electrons from photosystems give energy
    to pump H into thylakoid spaces and then form
    ATP

9
See diagram on page 211 of textbook.
10
  • - a concentration gradient of H in thylakoids is
    balanced by diffusion through ATP synthase
  • Light-Independent Reactions Calvin Cycle
  • - occur in the stroma of the chloroplast
  • - use the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions
    to convert CO2 into C6H12O6
  • - six CO2 are needed to make one sugar molecule

11
  • Cellular Respiration Ch. 9
  • - the energy captured in photosynthesis is
    released by organisms by several chemical
    pathways
  • - breaks down glucose and other food molecules in
    the presence of oxygen
  • 6O2 C6H12O6 6CO2 6H2O Energy
  • Oxygen glucose carbon dioxide
    water energy
  • - energy of food is measured in calories
  • - food Calorie 1 kilocalorie (1,000 calories)
  • - energy of food must be released slowly and
    captured in the bonds of ATP

12
See page 222 in textbook
13
  • Glycolysis
  • - breaks a molecle of glucose into two pyruvic
    acids
  • - occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells with or
    without oxygen
  • - net gain of 2 ATP not much, but very fast
  • - also produces 2 NADHs which carry electrons
    and H to other reactions in the cell
  • Fermentation
  • - when oxygen is not available fermentation
    occurs
  • - yeasts and a few other organisms form alcohol
  • - in our muscles fermentation forms lactic acid

14
  • Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Cycle (pg. 227)

15
  • Krebs Cycle Citric Acid Cycle
  • - in the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acids are
    modified and taken into the mitochondria
  • - capture energy from bonds of pyruvates to form
    ATP, NADH, and FADH2
  • - occurs in mitochondrial matrix
  • - releases CO2
  • Electron Transport Chain (pg. 228)
  • - NADH and FADH2 from glycolysis and Krebs Cycle
    carry electrons (energy) to electron transport
    chains on inner membrane of mitochondria
  • - movement of electrons through E.T.C. pumps H
    into outer compartment of mitochondria to
    establish a concentration difference

16
  • - H can only diffuse out through ATP synthase
    and the energy of their diffusion is used to form
    ATPs

See page 228
17
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18
Summary of ATP production in Cellular Respiration
19
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