Partnership for Development: Alternative Approaches to Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh

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Partnership for Development Alternative
Approaches to Poverty Alleviation in Bangladesh

• Nilufa Akhter Khanom
• Degree enrolled for
• PhD in Government (921AA)
• Supervisors
• Prof. Mark Turner
• Dr. Anni Dugdale

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Outline of Presentation

• Background Problems
• Public Private Partnerships
• What is Public Private Partnership?
• Why Public Private Partnerships?
• Government NGO Partnerships in Bangladesh
• Justification of this Research
• Aims of this Research
• Research Questions
• Research Design and Methodology

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Background Problems

• Poverty
• Reducing global poverty is one of the major
  development challenges of the 21st century (World
  Bank 2001, p.1).
• 3 billion on less than 2 per day (Global Poverty
  Report 2000, p. i).
• Measures
• The latest is the Millennium Development Goals
  (MDGs),
• the 1st goal of the MDGs is Eradicate extreme
  poverty and hunger.
• Results!
• Population less than 1 a day fell from 20.8 in
  1990
• to 6.8 in 2004 in South East Asia.
• In 2004, less than 1 a day was 41.1 in
  sub-Saharan Africa and 29.5 percent in South Asia
  (UN MDGs Report 2007, p.6).
• Poverty is a severe problem!!

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Comparative Data of Poverty in South Asia
Source Human Development Report 2007/2008
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Bangladesh in South Asia
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Poverty in Bangladesh
Poverty is particularly severe in Bangladesh
Source Human Development Report, 2007/2008
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Public Private Partnerships (PPPs)What is PPP?

• collaborative activities among interested
  groups, based on a mutual recognition of
  respective strengths and weaknesses, working
  towards common agreed objectives developed
  through effective and timely communication (ADBI
  2000, p. 42).
• This is the working definition of PPP for this
  research.

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Why PPPs?

• Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are assumed to
  be effective in poverty alleviation
• PPP can use scarce resources effectively (Lewis
  1997)
• Increase benefits from collaboration (ADBI 2000,
  Carroll 1992, Clark 1991 )
• Help economic growth and enhance efficiency
  (Agere 2000, Brinkerhoff 2002 )
• Promote open decision making processes
  (Brinkerhoff 2002)
• NGOs are better able to cooperate with rural poor
  

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Government - NGO Partnership in Bangladesh

• Govt. NGO partnership has been recommended
• The World Bank recommended the complementary role
  of the Government and NGOs (World Bank 1996),
• PPP as one of the important engines for higher
  economic growth and development (World Bank
  2005, p. 6).
• From success of GK, development seen to be best
  attained through effective partnerships between
  national Government, NGOs/service providers and
  local government (World Bank 2007, p. xx).

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Government - NGO Partnership in Bangladesh

• Weakness of government programmes
• Government programmes are inflexible and
  difficult to adapt to changeable circumstances
  (CIRDAP 2000) and
• Designed for administrative convenience rather
  than to reflect and adapt to the reality of the
  poor (Rahman 2000, p. 97).
• Strengths and significance of NGOs in
  Partnerships
• Dedicated staffs and field workers of NGOs have a
  strong identification with the problems of the
  local poor (Rahman 2000, p. 99).
• NGOs are in a better position to address rural
  poverty their staff have better local knowledge
  to understand local needs and priorities (Siddiqi
  Oever 1998 and Caplan 2001)
• NGOs are already playing an important role in
  development of Bangladesh.

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Government NGO Partnership

• Govt. recognised the Strengths of NGOs
• Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) for
  Bangladesh highlights the need for Govt.-NGO
  collaboration for effective service delivery
• Government has adopted a strategy of seeking
  collaboration from NGOs especially to address the
  challenges of poverty alleviation (Bangladesh
  Economic Review 2007, p. 169-171).

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Justification of This Research

• The World Bank has called for further
  investigation, and extensive research on PPPs for
  poverty alleviation (World Bank 1999, p. 91).
• In Bangladesh there is a gap of research on the
  issue of PPPs for poverty reduction

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Aim of this Research

• to explore different Public Private Partnership
  (PPP) arrangements for poverty alleviation in
  Bangladesh
• to evaluate the performance of these PPP
  arrangements.
• to identify different factors that assist and
  hinder the establishment and performance of the
  PPPs in Bangladesh.

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Research Problem

• The Basic Research Problem is
• Are PPP arrangements practical and effective
  ways of addressing poverty alleviation in
  Bangladesh?

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Research Questions

• The basic research questions are
• What Public Private Partnership (PPP)
  arrangements have been set up in Bangladesh for
  poverty alleviation?
• How do different stakeholders view the
  performance of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs)
  for poverty alleviation?
• What factors have assisted or hindered the
  establishment and performance of the PPPs?

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Research Design and Methodology Design of this
Research
Figure 1 Different Stages of this Research
(developed for this research)
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The Mixed Methods Approach

• Mixed methods research involves philosophical
  assumptions that guide the direction of
  collection and analysis data and the mixture of
  qualitative and quantitative approaches in the
  research process (Creswell Clark 2007, p. 5)
• The researcher mixes or combines qualitative and
  quantitative research techniques, multiple
  methods and approaches into a single research
  (Johnson and Onwuegbuzie 2004, p. 17).

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Research Methods

• Research Organisation and Population
• Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC),
• Palli Karma-Shahayak Foundation (PKSF),
• Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Food and
  Disaster Management, the government officials ,
  NGO executives, field workers and the
  beneficiaries of these programmes
• Data collection
• Primary data
• Secondary data and
• Participant observation
• Data analysis
• NVivo for qualitative data analysis
• SPSS for quantitative data analysis

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Mixed Methods Data Collection and Analysis
Procedure Developed for this Research

• Phase 1
• Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Quantitative Research
Qualitative Research
Develop Quantitative Instrument
Development of Questionnaire and Code Book
Qualitative Data Collection
Semi Structures and Open-ended In-depth Interview
Close-ended Questionnaire Survey
Quantitative Data Collection
Qualitative Data Analysis
Using Nvivo 7
Data Analysis through SPSS
Quantitative Data Analysis
Phase 2 Analysis of Final Results
Qualitative Findings
Quantitative Findings
Complement and Compare both Qualitative and
Quantitative Findings
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Selection of samples, data collection procedures
and number of samplesBangladesh Rural
Advancement Committee (BRAC)
Category of the programme Economic Development
Programme Partnership with Ministry of Finance,
and Ministry of Food and Disaster Management,
Government of Bangladesh Programme Name Income
Generation for Vulnerable Group Development
(IGVGD)
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Selection of samples, data collection procedures
and number of samples Palli Karma-Shahayak
Foundation (PKSF) (Rural Employment Support
Foundation)
Category of the programme Organisations
Operating in Small Areas (OOSA) Partnership with
Ministry of Finance, Government of Bangladesh
Programme Name Rural Microcredit
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Why Mixed Methods is Chosen?

• Advantages of Mixed Methods Research
• Provides a better understanding rather than
  either qualitative or quantitative approach alone
  (Creswell Clark, 2007, p. 5).
• A multi-method approach that increase both the
  validity and reliability, leads researcher to
  modify the research design and/or the data
  collection methods (Patton 1990).
• Better to use both eyes in social research
  (Hulme 2007, p.2)
• In development studies it can creates knowledge
  that is more socially useful and contribute to
  more effective policy (Hulme 2007, Carvalho
  White 1997, Marsland et al 1998, White 2002,
  Kanbure Shaffer 2006 and Hulme Toye 2006).

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Why Mixed Methods?

• Disadvantages of other methods
• Mixed methods also have disadvantages

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Limitations of this Research

• Non-response errors
• Bureaucrats, high officials and political leaders
  might be unwilling
• Lack of sufficient information and data of
  previous partnership programmes,
• The perceptions and attitudes of participants
• Female participants may not be frank and most of
  the rural and poor women are introverted.

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Limitations Why?
Faces of Poverty
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Face of poverty
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Research Plan and Time Table

• Research proposal development By May 2008
• Initial Seminar 17 June 2008
• Approval from ethics committee by August 2008
• Data collection Nov. to May 2009
• Data Analysis and write up
• research thesis June 2009 to June 2010
• Thesis submission December 2010

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Thanks for Listening
And Welcome to Discussion