Legislative Implementation of Universal AntiTerrorism Instruments and UN SC Resolution 1373 Terroris

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Legislative Implementation of Universal
Anti-Terrorism Instruments and UN SC Resolution
1373 Terrorism Prevention Branch,
dolgor.solongo_at_unodc.orgZurich, 5-6 December
2005
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THE GLOBAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK AGAINST TERRORISM
Security Council resolution 1373 (and
resolution 1566)
Security Council resolution 1267 (Al-Qaida and
Taliban) and successor resolutions
13 international conventions against terrorism
Security Council resolution 1540 (weapons of
mass destruction)
UNODCS TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
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Common Features

• Criminal offence descriptions
• Obligation to incorporate offences into domestic
  penal legislation
• Establishment of principle to extradite or
  prosecute
• Conventions as basis for extradition (e.g. the
  offences are deemed to be included in existing
  bilateral extradition treaties)

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The 13 Counter-Terrorism Conventions and
Instruments

• Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on
  Board an Aircraft (1963)
• 179 Ratifications (R)
• No offence definition
• Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970)
• 181 Ratifications (R)
• Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Civil
  Aviation (1971)
• 183 Ratifications (R)
• Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports serving
  International Civil Aviation (1988)
• 155 Ratifications (R)

Extraditable offences 15 November
2005 status

• CONVENTIONS RELATED TO CIVIL AVIATION SECURITY

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The 13 Counter-Terrorism Conventions and
Instruments
Extraditable offences

• Physical Protection of Nuclear Material (1979)
• 115 Ratifications (R)
• Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose
  of Detection (1991)
• 120 States Parties (R)
• Take measures, not necessarily of penal nature
• Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (1997)
• 145 States Parties (R)

• DANGEROUS MATERIALS

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The 13 Counter-Terrorism Conventions and
Instruments
Extraditable offences 15 November 2005 status

• Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against
  Internationally Protected Persons, including
  Diplomatic Agents (1973)
• 159 States Parties (R)
• Taking of Hostages (1979)
• 153 States Parties (R)

• BASED ON STATUS OF VICTIMS

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The 13 Anti-Terrorism Conventions and Instruments
Extraditable offences

• MARITIME PROTOCOLS CONVENTIONS

• Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety
  of Maritime Navigation (1988)
• 128 States Parties (R)
• Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed
  Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf (1988)
• 118 States Parties (R)

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The 12 Anti-Terrorism Conventions and Instruments
Extraditable offences

• Financing of Terrorism
• Nuclear Terrorism

• Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (1999)
• 147 States Parties (R)
• International Convention for the Suppression of
  Acts of Terrorism (2005)
• 91 signatories, no ratification, not yet in force

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UN Security Council Resolution 1373 (28
September 2001)
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UNSC Resolutions against Taliban and Al-Qaida
(1267, 1333, 1390, 1455, 1526, 1617)

• Freeze without delay the funds and other
  financial assets or economic resources of these
  individuals, groups, undertakings and entities,
  ...derived from property, controlled directly or
  indirectly, ...persons acting on their behalf,
  no resources made available for the benefit of
  such persons.. .
• Non-profits, alternative remittance systems
  requirements
• 3 November 2005 update
• 142 individuals and 1 entity Taliban
• 193 individuals and 118 entities Al-Qaida

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Latest Security Council Developments

• 26 March 2004 Security Council res. 1535
• 28 April 2004 Security Council res. 1540
• 8 October 2004 Security Council res. 1566
• 29 July 2005 Security Council res. 1617
• 14 Sept. 2005 Security Council res. 1624

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SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1540

• Establishes domestic controls to prevent the
  proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
• Refrain from providing any form of support to
  non-state actors that attempt to develop,
  acquire, manufacture, transport or use weapons of
  mass destruction
• Establishes a Committee which will report to the
  Security Council

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SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1566

• Condemn all acts of terrorism irrespective of
  their motivation, whenever or by whomsoever
  committed them
• Recall that criminal acts are under no
  circumstances justifiable by considerations of a
  political, philosophical, ideological, racial,
  ethnic, religious or other similar nature
• Establish a working group to consider and submit
  recommendations on
• Practical measures to be imposed upon individuals
  , goups or entities involved in or associated
  with terrorist activities other than those
  designated by the Al-Quaeda/Taliban Sanctions
  Committee
• An international fund to compensate victims of
  acts of terrorism

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IS THE INCRIMINATION OF TERRORISM NECESSARY?

• The 13 Conventions
• Do not require the incrimination of the offence
  of terrorism
• Require the incrimination of certain offences
  independently of terrorist motivation
• The terrorist motivation may be considered as an
  aggravating circumstance

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Defining Terrorism

• Definition of Terrorism politically important.
• S-G supported definition
• in addition to already proscribed, acts
  intended to cause death or serious bodily harm
  to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose
  of intimidating a population or compelling a
  Government or an international organization to do
  or abstain from doing any act.
• Repeats key elements of the definition from the
  Financing of Terrorism and Hostage Taking
  Convention

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Global Programme against TerrorismTechnical
Assistance Methodology

• Train criminal justice officials in the
  implementation of new laws and international
  cooperation

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Technical Assistance Tools

• UN legislative guide for use by common and civil
  law systems
• Checklist of offences and jurisdictions contained
  in the 12 universal anti-terrorism instruments
  and Security Council
• Resolution 1373 (2001)
• In-house Database on
• Terrorism-related Legislation

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TPB Technical Assistance Activities (Nov 2005)

• Estonia

• Latvia

• Lithuania

• Russian Federation

Poland
Belarus
Ukraine
Hungary
Slovakia

• Slovenia

SerbiaM.

• Kazakhstan

• Mongolia

Bosnia
Albania

• .

Georgia
Czech Rep.
Azerbaijan
Romania
Bulg
aria
Croatia

• Uzbekistan

Rep.Mac.
Kyrgyzstan

• Morocco

• Armenia

• CHINA

Turkmenistan

• Turkey

Tajikistan

• Libya

• Qatar

• Tunisia

• Mexico

Afghanistan

• Kuwait

• Mauritania

Lao PDR

• Jordan

• Cape Verde

• Algeria

Haiti

• Bahamas

Vietnam

• Bahrain

Egypt

• Guatemala

U.A. Emirates

• Burkina Faso

• Honduras

MALI

• Sierra Leone

• Djibouti

NIGER

• Chad

Dominican Rep.
SUDAN
Jamaica

• Panama

• Thailand

• Thailand

• Senegal

Togo

• El Salvador

• Eritrea

Nigeria

• Venezuela

• Cameroon

• Gambia

Cambodia
Central African Rep.
Myanmar
Suriname

• Nicaragua

Guinea

• Guinea Bissau

• Uganda

• Costa Rica

Eq. Guinea

• Philippines

• Ghana

• Somalia

Benin

• Colombia

• Cote dIvoire

• Gabon

Ethiopia
Ecuador

• Kenya

D.R. CONGO
Congo
Sao Tome Principe
Comoros
Burundi
Rwanda

• Indonesia

Angola
BRAZIL
Timor Leste
Mauritius
Peru
Madagascar
Mozambique
Paraguay
Direct over 70 States Sub-Regional over 100
Bilateral technical assistance activities
Regional seminars / Study tours
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Member States Assisted with Anti Terrorism
Legislation

• Upon direct request from countries or from the
  CTC
• Bilateral Assistance to 70 countriesAfghanistan
  , Angola, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain,
  Belarus, Benin, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina Faso,
  Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, Central African
  Republic, Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Republic of
  Congo, Costa Rica, Croatia, DR Congo, Ecuador,
  Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia,
  Gambia, Georgia, Guatemala, Guinea,
  Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Jamaica,
  Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Madagascar, Mali,
  Mauritius, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique,
  Myanmar, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Panama,
  Paraguay, Peru, Romania, Russia, Sao Tome e
  Principe, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Sudan,
  Suriname, Thailand, Tajikistan, Turkey,
  Turkmenistan, Timor-Leste, Togo, Ukraine, United
  Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Vietnam

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Cooperation with CTC and CTED

• TPB/UNODC provides technical assistance, often in
  response to request for assistance sent to CTC
• CTC/CTED monitors and coordinates technical
  assistance
• New UNODCs participation in CTC field
  missions, for example Thailand, 27 June 1 July
  2005

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Multilateral meetings and workshops

• Moscow (CIS Workshop), 28-30 November 2005
• Tashkent, 5-7.04.2005 (in collaboration with SCO)
• Tunis (with IMF), 15-18.12.2003
• Sudan, 17-19.01.2004
• Antalya, Turkey, 23-25.2.2004 (for Central Asia
  and Caucasus)
• Kenya, 18-20.10.2004 (IGAD)
• Mauritius, 25-27.10.2004 (with Francophonie)
• Lisbon, 2-5.11.2004
• Cape Verde, 8-10.12.2004
• Croatia, 7-9.3.2005
• Costa Rica 14-16.3.2005 (with OAS) Lisbon, 31.10
  4.11.2005
• Buenos Aires, 29.11-03.12.2005

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Examples of TPB assistance in Asia and CIS

• Ukraine Workshop to provide training on
  Anti-Money Laundering and Combating Financing of
  Terrorism with the IMF (June 2005)
• China Workshop on Investigation and
  Implementation aspects of Anti-Money Laundering
  and Countering the Financing of Terrorism with
  PBC (July 2005)
• Tajikistan National Workshop (October 2003)
• Philippines National Drafting Workshop (March
  2005)
• Thailand Workshop on Ratification and
  Legislative Implementation (March 2005)

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Examples of Regional activities and cooperation
with regional bodies

• IMF Seminar for Criminal Justice Officials on
  Anti-Money Laundering and Combating the Financing
  of Terrorism, Singapore (October 2004)
• Assistance to Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of CIS
  in drafting Anti-Terrorism Model Law (April 2004)
• World Bank Train the Trainer AML/CFT Workshop,
  May 2005 Bangkok
• Commonwealth Workshop on Capacity-Building on
  Counter-Terrorism, Malaysia (November 2004)

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For further information

• United Nations
• Office on Drugs and Crime
• Division for Treaty Affairs
• Terrorism Prevention Branch
• P.O. Box 500
• A - 1400 Vienna, Austria
• Tel [phone]
• Fax [phone]
• Web http//www.unodc.org
• E-mail unodc.tpb_at_unodc.org
• Dolgor.solongo_at_unodc.org

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