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Interactions of Living Things

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Food Chains and Food Webs. Food Chain: Diagram that shows energy flow ... Top of the food pyramid. They became endangered. What happens to the Elk population? ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Interactions of Living Things


1
Chapter 19
  • Interactions of Living Things

2
Who Eats Whom?
Killer Whale
Krill Shrimp
Cod Fish
Algae
Leopard Seal
3
Who Eats Whom?
Killer Whale
Cod Fish
Krill Shrimp
Algae
Leopard Seal
4
Who Eats Whom?
1. In nature would you expect to see more Killer
Whales than cod? Arrange the cards in order of
most individuals in and organism to fewest
5
Who Eats Whom?
  • Analysis
  • What might happen to the other organisms if algae
    were removed from this group? What might happen
    if Killer Whales were removed?
  • Are there organisms in this group that eat more
    than one kind of food? How would you change the
    order of the cards to show this information?

6
Section 1 Everything is connected
  • Studying the Web of Life
  • Ecology The study of interactions of organisms
    with one another and the environment
  • Two Parts of the environment
  • Biotic All organisms that live and interact
  • Abiotic Nonliving factors

7
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8
Section 1 Everything is connected
  • Studying the Web of Life
  • Organization in the Environment
  • Organized into different levels, Fig. 2, p. 587
  • Organism, population, community, ecosystem,
    biosphere
  • Populations
  • A group individuals of the same species that live
    together
  • Examples

9
Section 1 Everything is connected
  • Studying the Web of Life
  • Communities
  • All of the populations of species that live and
    interact in an area.
  • They depend on each other for food, shelter, many
    other things
  • Ecosystems
  • Biosphere

10
Section 1 Everything is connected
  • Studying the Web of Life
  • Ecosystems
  • A community of organisms and the abiotic
    environment
  • How do temperature, precipitation, and soil
    characteristics affect the organisms
  • Biosphere
  • The part of the earth where life exists
  • From deep in the ocean to high in the air

11
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
  • The Energy Connection Organisms are divided
    into producers, consumers, and decomposers
  • Producers
  • Use sunlight directly to make food
  • Photosynthesis
  • Most producers are plants and also include algae
    and bacteria

12
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
  • The Energy Connection
  • Consumers
  • Organisms that eat other organisms to obtain
    energy
  • Herbivores Eat only plants
  • Carnivores Eat only animals
  • Omnivores Eat both plants and animals
  • Scavengers Eat dead plants and animals

13
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
  • The Energy Connection
  • Decomposers
  • Organisms that break down dead organisms
  • Bacteria and Fungi
  • They remove stored energy in dead organisms
  • Natures recyclers

14
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
  • Food Chains and Food Webs
  • Food Chain Diagram that shows energy flow from
    on organism to the next
  • They dont eat only one food
  • Food Web Shows the feed relationships between
    organisms

15
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16
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17
Carnivore
Carnivore
Carnivore
omnivore
herbivore
herbivore
herbivore
herbivore
Producer
Producer
Producer
18
Energy Pyramids
Decreasing Amounts of energy
Decreasing Number of organisms
19
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
  • Wolves and the Energy Pyramid
  • Gray wolves control the population of many
    organisms
  • Predators that prey on large animals including
    elk
  • Top of the food pyramid
  • They became endangered
  • What happens to the Elk population?
  • Grass population?

20
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21
Section 2 Living Things Need Energy
  • Wolves and the Energy Pyramid
  • Gray wolves and the Food Web
  • Brought back to Yellowstone in 1995
  • Began to breed
  • Will this help balance the other populations in
    the park
  • Hurt the ranchers in the area
  • They can kill old, diseased, injured elk
  • This increases grass populations
  • Animal populations that eat the grass will grow

22
Section 3 Types of Interactions
  • Interactions with the Environment
  • Limiting Factors A resource that is so scarce
    it limits its population
  • Carrying capacity The largest population that
    an environment can support

23
Section 3 Types of Interactions
  • Interactions Between Organisms
  • Competition
  • Two or more organisms want to use the same
    resource.
  • Resources are limited
  • Can happen within a population
  • Elk in Yellowstone compete for the same food
  • Can happen between populations
  • Sunlight in a tropical rain forest

24
Section 3 Types of Interactions
  • Interactions Between Organisms
  • Predators and Prey
  • Predator Eats Prey
  • Predator Adaptations
  • Very fast and catches prey Cheetah
  • Ambush their prey Goldenrod Spider
  • Other Predators Praying Mantis

25
Section 3 Types of Interactions
  • Interactions Between Organisms
  • Predators and Prey
  • Pray The Hunted
  • Prey Adaptations
  • Run Away
  • Prairie Dogs run to their burrows
  • Small fish form schools
  • Antelopes and buffalo stay in herds

26
Section 3 Types of Interactions
  • Interactions Between Organisms
  • Predators and Prey
  • Pray The Hunted
  • Prey Adaptations
  • Camouflage Blend into their surroundings to
    hide from predators

27
Walking Stick
28
Section 3 Types of Interactions
  • Defensive Chemicals

29
Section 3 Types of Interactions
  • Warning Coloration
  • Predators will avoid animals that have colors and
    patterns that they associate with pain, illness,
    or unpleasant experience.
  • Examples bright shades of red, yellow, orange,
    black, and white

30
Section 3 Types of Interactions
  • Symbiosis
  • A close, long term association between two or
    more species
  • They can benefit, be unaffected by, or be harmed
    by the other organism

31
Section 3 Types of Interactions
  • Symbiosis
  • Mutualism Both organisms benefit
  • Bacteria in your intestine
  • Corals and Algae
  • Algae produce food for the coral
  • Coral dies and form reefs with their skeleton

32
Section 3 Types of Interactions
  • Symbiosis
  • Commensalism One organism benefits and the
    other is unaffected
  • Sharks and remoras

33
Section 3 Types of Interactions
  • Symbiosis
  • Parasitism One organism benefits and the other
    is harmed
  • Parasite The organism that benefits
  • Host The organism that is harmed
  • Ticks, tapeworms, tomato hornworm
  • Sometimes the host dies but most need them alive
    to survive

34
Section 3 Types of Interactions
  • Coevolution
  • Relationships change over time
  • When a long-term change takes place in two
    species
  • Coevolution and flowers
  • Pollinators
  • Flowers attract pollinators
  • Bees, bats, and hummingbirds

35
Section 3 Types of Interactions
  • Warning Coloration

36
Bell Ringer for Thursday 11/5
  • 1. Give an example of an animal that we
    discussed in class that has an adaptation that
    allows it to be a good predator.
  • Your friend puts leftover food and yard scraps
    into a compost pile in the back yard in order to
    turn them into soil for plants. Over time, she
    notices that the compost pile has fungi growing
    on it. What effect will it have on the compost
    pile?
  • Coyotes are living near a populated area, and
    residents are afraid their dogs and cats will be
    attacked. These residents want to kill the
    coyotes. Do you think this is a good idea? Why
    or why not?
  • Briefly describe one example of a predator-prey
    relationship. Identify the predator and the
    prey.

37
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