Landmark Homes:

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Low Carbon Heating A climate of change
Landmark Homes Lower Mill Estate, Cotswolds
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The reality
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The headlines
Zero Carbon Homes Unveiled
Wasteful homes risk eco targeting
2007 to be warmest on record!
Energy Performance certificates for existing homes
Summit aims at greener homes
Eco Targets undeliverable
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The need for change

• The twin challenges of climate change and energy
  security

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Domestic energy consumption
UKs 22 Million homes responsible for 27 of
UKs CO² emissions Heating Hot Water
account for 84 of household energy consumption
Source DTI
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Changing regulations

• Driven by carbon emissions and energy efficiency
• UK and EU based increasing in number and
  ambition
• Legislation, Regulation and EU Directive
• Part L 2006
• Part F 2006
• Planning Policy Statement 22 10 Renewables
• Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2006
• EcoHomes 2006
• Contractors toolkit GLA 2006
• Code for Sustainable Buildings 2007
• Energy Performance Certificates 2007
• Energy Using Products Directive 2007/08
• Zero stamp duty on zero carbon homes 2008
• Zero carbon homes by 2016

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The Impact of regulations
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Part L of the Building Regulations

• Effective April 2006
• Part L is concerned with the Conservation of
  fuel and power
• Demands a 20 reduction in Carbon emissions,
  regardless of fuel or appliance type
• Replaces previous methods of compliance
  settingperformance standards for the whole
  building ratherthan elements
• Includes the Energy Performance of Buildings
  Directive
• Applies to England Wales only
  Scotlandeffective in 2007
• Visit www.partl.info for more information

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Energy Performance of Buildings Directive

• 2002 Energy Performance of Buildings Directive,
  enacted into UK law via Part L 2006
• Applies to all buildings residential and
  non-residential
• Requires Renewable Alternatives to be
  considered for buildings over 1000m²
• Requires an energy audit certificate to be
  provided by owners to prospective tenants or
  buyers
• Certificate must be displayed in public
  buildingsover 1000m²

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The Quick Start guide to Part L
L

• Whats changed?
• Other methods of compliance are abolished
• Replaced by Target Carbon Emission Rates
• Every building must show that the carbon
  emissionrate is less that the set target
• There are minimum U-values and air-tightness
  requirements,but these do not guarantee a Part L
  pass alone
• Air-pressure testing on completion is mandatory
• Carbon Emissions of the whole building are
  calculated, not the individual products or
  services

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Whats my Part L target

• 20 less Kgs of Carbon Dioxide, per Sq Metre,
  per year than Part L 2002
• BRE uses a range of sample buildings to set the
  target
• This is adjusted for the actual building
  submitted
• Approved SAP (Standard Assessment Procedure)
  software performs the calculation
• This is NOT a SAP score but instead uses SAP
  software to calculate the amount of carbon
  dioxide
• Its the whole building that must be 20 better,
  not any individual product or service

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Whats Block Assessment

• It allows blocks of flats or apartments to be
  assessed as one
• Individual flats do not have to pass, as long
  asthe whole building does
• A Target Carbon Emission Rate is set for
  thewhole building, not each flat
• It allows Specifiers and Developers the
  flexibility to treat different parts of the
  building differently

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Can you comply with electric heating?

• Yes
• Utilising the correct ventilation solution its
  even easier
• Electric appliances are the only source of 100
  efficient heating
• When electricity generation is from renewable
  sources its zero carbon heating
• In 2004, over 40 of housing starts were flats,
  in 2010 its projected to be 70
• The majority choose electric heating because of
• Lower capital outlay
• Build speed and design flexibility
• Lower maintenance and servicing costs
• Assists with improving air-tightness
• Lower lifetime cost of ownership

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What are the routes to compliance

• We have 8 themes
• Air-tightness
• Ventilation strategy
• Building fabric
• Glazing
• Lighting
• Controllability and Responsiveness
• Hot water cylinder sizing
• Renewables
• All of these routes to compliance will help
  meet Part L sometimes only one or two are needed

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Air tightness Parts L F

• Improved air-tightness lowers carbon emissions
• Air-pressure testing on completion is now
  mandatory
• The minimum level is 10 cubic metres of air per
  hour, per square metre of total permeable surface
  area at 50 Pascals of pressure (10m³/h/m²_at_50Pa)
• Meeting this does not guarantee a Part L pass
  alone
• Many developments are achieving 7, 5 and even 3
  (3m³/h/m²_at_ 50Pa)
• Electric heating can help as there are less
  openings and gaps in the building fabric

F
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Ventilation strategy build tight - ventilate
right

• Part F requires that
• Accumulation of moisture and mould growth is
  prevented
• Parts L F are now linked
• Ventilation should mitigate energy use
• Consider heat-recovery
• Consider efficient motors
• Control Systems
• Manual or Automatic
• Humidistat's
• Occupancy Sensors
• CO2 Sensors

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Ventilation strategy efficient motors control

• Using DC instead of AC motors in domestic
  ventilation products can
• Save up to 80 on energy use
• Give up to a five fold increase in motor life
• AC Motors can and do form part of compliant
  buildings
• Part F calls for specific installed
  performances according to room type
• Controlled ventilation options
• Intermittent ventilation
• Continuous mechanical extract ventilation
• Continuous mechanical supply and extract with
  heat recovery

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Ventilation strategy Intermittent ventilation

• Individual extract fans / cooker-hoods fitted in
  kitchen, utility and bathrooms, with window
  trickle vents in other rooms for air replacement
• Check for installed performance
• Consider using DC motors that offer lower energy
  usage and longer life
• Remember AC remains compliant

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Ventilation strategy continuous whole house
extract

• How Mechanical Extract Ventilation works (MEV)
• Continuously extracts air from wet rooms
• Can be set at a normal or boost speed
• Manual boost or by sensor
• Air replacement via passive trickle vents
• Look for SAP appendix Q listed products
• Are all the system components available from the
  manufacturer
• Does it meet the installed performance
  requirements

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Ventilation strategy MVHR

• How Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recover
  works (MVHR)
• Recovers otherwise wasted heat, improves
  air-quality and reduces condensation in air-tight
  dwellings
• Extracts warm, moist air from wet rooms
• Introduces fresh tempered air to living spaces
• Transfers heat from outgoing polluted air to
  the incoming airflow using heat recovery
• No trickle ventilators required

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MVHR Mechanical Ventilation with Heat Recovery

• Check for products listed on SAP Appendix Q
• Check for heat recovery cell efficiency
• DC motors save energy and have a longer life
• AC motors remain compliant

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Building fabric Part L

• Maximum U-Values are set within Part L
• Improving on maximum U-Values will improve the
  Carbon Emission Rate of the building
• All new buildings need improved U-Values over the
  last version of Part L whether using gas,
  electric, oil, lpg or wood pellets!
• The most cost effective route to compliance for
  many developments is a combination of
• Improved building fabric
• Improved air-tightness
• MVHR
• For target U-Values consider roofs to 0.14, Walls
  to 0.3, Floors to 0.2 and Glazing to 1.8

Air-Crete blocks
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Glazing Part L

• Part L assumes glazing coverage is equivalent to
  25 of the floor area
• This is greater than most developments
• Where this can be lowered it will reduce overall
  carbon emissions
• Combined with improved specification of glazing,
  like argon gas filled E glass, it will improve
  the U value
• Look for a Glazing U-Value to 1.8, covering less
  than 25 of the equivalent floor area

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Lighting Part L

• The carbon impact of lighting is significant
• Seek expert advice for your lighting plan
• Traditional rules of thumb based on the number of
  rooms, give way to set lighting points by sq.
  metre of floor area
• Install efficient lighting with G24 4 pin
  fittings
• Select effective controls with auto switch-off,
  PIR, photocell and timers
• Energy inefficient halogen should be avoided

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Controllability and responsiveness

• Parts L F recommend the use of automatic
  controls for heating and ventilation
• Eliminates manual intervention which tends to
  overreact in response to conditions
• Saves energy
• When controls are simple to use, they are used
  more effective
• Both modern ventilation and intelligent electric
  heating are highly controllable and responsive
• This is recognised in SAP table 4a and improves
  Carbon Emission Rate performance

Modern electric central heating control
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Cylinder sizing Part L

• Part L assumes a 170L water cylinder
• Smaller cylinders have lower heat losses
• If the cylinder size is below 170L then the
  Carbon Emission Rate of the whole building is
  improved
• This is true for all cylinders including
  solar ready cylinders
• Instant electric water heating has no standing
  heat losses!

Solar ready cylinder
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Case study 1 multi-unit dwelling
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Case study 1 multi-unit dwelling

• Base Case
• Products assessed for every option
• Electric panel heaters gas central heating
• 110 litre cylinder 50mm foam insulation

• Construction
• Window U value 2.2 W/m2k
• Wall U value 0.35 W/m2k
• Roof U value 0.25 W/m2k
• Air tightness 10m3/h/m2_at_50Pa
• Block Assessed
• Additional products assessed
• Solar Thermal
• MVHR

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Case study 1 multi-unit dwelling
Renewables
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Compliance for electric heating in multi unit
dwellings

• Part L 1A allows for the use of electric heating
  / hot water systems.
• Of the three compliance methodologies, block
  assessment is very important to consider, and air
  tightness with MVHR can be cost effective.
• Air tightness is the most cost effective and
  high impact carbon reduction methodology
  available to house builders.
• High efficiency mechanical ventilation systems
  with heat recovery taken from SAP Appendix Q are
  the highest impact service related carbon
  reduction technology.

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Low to zero carbon technologies

• Products that produce very little or no Carbon
  Dioxide, like
• Heat Pumps (Ground and Air source)
• Micro wind turbines
• Solar Thermal Collectors Photo-Voltaic (PV)
• Installing products such as heat-pumps or solar
  thermal collectors can turn a non-compliant
  building into a compliant one
• The need to meet other planning requirements,
  
  such as a 10 or 20 Renewables
  target, is
  also satisfied with their specification

WPC Cool Heat Pump
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Heat Pumps
Air/Water
Ground / Water
Heat Pumps are the fastest growing low carbon
technology in Europe. Geothermal energy (energy
from the ground or air) is free and always
available
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Solar Thermal Collectors

• Produce low carbon hot water not electricity
• Optimised for UK conditions will produce up to
  60 of the hot water needs of a family of
  four
• Ensure the collector is selected with a
  compatible control system and solar tank and
  complies with EN12975-1

Solar Thermal Collector
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Domestic micro-wind turbines

• Grid tied or part of a heating or hot water
  system
• Can produce up to 20 of domestic electricity
  requirements in the right conditions
• Can save gt¼ tonne of CO2 per household
• Check noise levels
• Check for low wind speed operation
• Check corrosion resistance
• Complete with mounting kit?
• Qualifies for Government grants?

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Case study 2
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Case study 3
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Total building solutions in dwellings
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Multiple applications
Solar Thermal Heating can provide a cost
effective solution for Social Housing
This Micro-wind turbine was recently installed on
David Camerons house
Heat-Pumps make geothermal heating a reality
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The Code for Sustainable Homes

• A voluntary code launched in December 2006
• Forerunner to future Building Regulations
• Works in conjunction with Energy Performance
  Certificates required from June 2007
• Builds upon EcoHomes, which will be maintained
  during the transition to the code
• Covers a number of sustainability issues,
  including
• Energy / carbon
• Water usage
• Materials
• Pollution
• And others

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The Code for Sustainable Homes

• Star rating of 1 to 6 stars
• 1 Star entry level above building regulations
• 6 Stars An Exemplar in sustainability
  development
• Assessed independently under the control of the
  Building Research Establishment (BRE)
• Pre and post completion testing on a sample
  basis
• Applied Energy can assist in developing buildings
  to all star ratings

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Future energy supply?
From the Energy Review 2006
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Electricity is the only truly sustainable fuel