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Defining Biomedical Informatics and its Relationship to Dental Research and Practice

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Title: Defining Biomedical Informatics and its Relationship to Dental Research and Practice


1
Defining Biomedical Informatics and its
Relationship to Dental Research and Practice
  • Edward H. Shortliffe, MD, PhD
  • College of Physicians Surgeons
  • Columbia University
  • Dental Informatics Dental Research Making the
    Connection
  • National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
  • June 12, 2003

2
What is Medical Informatics?
  • The scientific field that deals with the storage,
    retrieval, sharing, and optimal use of
    biomedical information, data, and knowledge for
    problem solving and decision making.

Medical informatics touches on all basic and
applied fields in biomedical science and is
closely tied to modern information technologies,
notably in the areas of computing and
communication.
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5
Medical Informatics in Perspective
Methods, Techniques, and Theories
Basic Research
6
Medical Informatics in Perspective
Methods, Techniques, and Theories
Basic Research
7
Medical Informatics in Perspective
Methods, Techniques, and Theories
Basic Research
Public Health Informatics
Nursing Informatics
Dental Informatics
Imaging Informatics
Clinical Medicine Informatics
Veterinary Informatics
Bioinformatics
Applied Research
8
Medical Informatics in Perspective
Medical Informatics
Basic Research
Methods, Techniques, and Theories
Public Health Informatics
Clinical Informatics
Imaging Informatics
Bioinformatics
9
Medical Informatics in Perspective
Medical Informatics Methods, Techniques, and
Theories
Basic Research
Imaging Informatics
Clinical Informatics
Public Health Informatics
Bioinformatics
Molecular and Cellular Processes
Tissues and Organs
Individuals (Patients)
Populations And Society
10
Medical Informatics in Perspective
Medical Informatics Methods, Techniques, and
Theories
Imaging Informatics
Clinical Informatics
Public Health Informatics
Bioinformatics
11
Medical Informatics in Perspective
Medical Informatics Methods, Techniques, and
Theories
Bioinformatics Methods, Techniques, and Theories
Imaging Informatics
Clinical Informatics
Public Health Informatics
Bioinformatics
12
Biomedical Informatics in Perspective
Biomedical Informatics Methods, Techniques, and
Theories
Basic Research
Imaging Informatics
Clinical Informatics
Public Health Informatics
Bioinformatics
Molecular and Cellular Processes
Tissues and Organs
Individuals (Patients)
Populations And Society
13
Examples of Growing Synergies Between Clinical
and Bio- Informatics
  • Applications at the intersection of genetic and
    phenotypic data
  • e.g., pharmacogenomics
  • e.g., identification of patient subgroups
  • Shared methodologies with broad applicability
  • e.g., natural language and text processing
  • e.g., cognitive modeling of human-computer
    interaction
  • e.g., imaging (organs, biomolecular, 3D)
  • e.g., inferring structure from primary data
  • e.g., data mining (knowledge extraction) from
    large datasets

14
Journal of Biomedical Informatics
  • Formerly Computers and Biomedical Research
  • Volume 36 in 2003
  • Emphasizes methodologic innovation rather than
    applications, although all innovations are
    motivated by applied biomedical goals

15
Biomedical Informatics in Perspective
Biomedical Informatics Methods, Techniques,
and Theories
Other Component Sciences
Management Sciences
Information Sciences
Decision Science
Cognitive Science
Applied Informatics
16
Core of Biomedical Informatics As An Academic
Discipline
Biomedical Knowledge
Biomedical Data
Data Base
Inferencing System
Knowledge Base
17
Biomedical Informatics Research Areas
Biomedical Knowledge
Biomedical Data
Real-time acquisition Imaging Speech/language/text
Specialized input devices
Machine learning Text interpretation Knowledge
engineering
Knowledge Base
Data Base
Inferencing System
18
Examples from a Recent Columbia Retreat Cross
Cutting Methodologies
  • Natural language and text processing
  • Knowledge representation and structuring /
    ontology development
  • Cognitive science in biomedical informatics
  • Data mining
  • 3-dimensional modeling

19
Biomedical Informatics in Perspective
Biomedical Informatics Methods, Techniques, and
Theories
Computer Science, Decision Science, Cognitive Scie
nce, Information Sciences, Management Sciences and
other Component Sciences
Draw upon.
Contributes to.
Structural Biology, Genetics, Molecular Biology
Bioinformatics
20
Dental Informatics
  • Significant opportunities for research across the
    spectrum of biomedical informatics application
    areas (bioinformatics, imaging, clinical, public
    health)
  • Challenges exist that can help to drive
    innovation and scientific contributions in
    biomedical informatics and in other,
    non-biomedical, areas of application

21
Biomedical Informatics in Perspective
Biomedical Informatics Methods, Techniques, and
Theories
Computer Science, Decision Science, Cognitive Scie
nce, Information Sciences, Management Sciences and
other Component Sciences
Draw upon.
Contributes to.
Oral Medicine, Dentistry, Craniofacial Surgery,
Dental Research
Dental Informatics
22
Challenges For Academic Informatics
  • Explaining that there are fundamental research
    issues in the field in addition to applications
    and tool building
  • Finding the right mix between research/training
    and service requirements
  • Developing and nurturing the diverse collegial
    and scientific relationships typical of an
    interdisciplinary field

23
Academic Informatics Lessons We Have Learned
  • Service activities can stimulate new research and
    educational opportunities
  • Need to have enough depth in faculty to span a
    range of skills and professional orientations
  • Need to protect students from projects on
    critical paths to meeting service requirements
  • Institutional support and commitment are crucial
  • Financial stability
  • Visibility and credibility with colleagues in
    other health science departments and schools

24
Training FutureBiomedical Informatics
Professionals
  • The ProblemThere are too few trained
    professionals, knowledgeable about both
    biomedicine and the component sciences in
    biomedical informatics
  • The SolutionFormal training in biomedical
    informatics, with the definition of a core
    discipline and specialized elective opportunities

25
Curriculum Development
  • Perspective of our Department of Biomedical
    Informatics
  • Basic objectives fundamental areas of
    biomedicine, computer science and mathematics
    that are prerequisites for further study in
    Biomedical Informatics
  • Core objectives essential skills required by all
    Biomedical Informatics students
  • General objectives ability to conduct research
    and participate in the educational activities of
    the field
  • Specialized objectives application of general
    methods and theories in at least one of four
    different areas bioinformatics, imaging
    informatics, clinical informatics, and public
    health informatics

26
Biomedical Informatics Disciplines
Biomedical Informatics
27
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28
Biomedical Informatics Curriculum
  • Major subject areas
  • 1. Biomedical Informatics
  • 2. Biomedicine
  • 3. Computer Science
  • 4. Decision and Cognitive Sciences
  • 5. Public Policy and Social Issues

29
1. Biomedical Informatics Courses
  • Computer applications in health care
  • Computer-assisted medical decision making
  • Bioinformatics (computational biology)
  • Biomedical imaging (imaging informatics)
  • Programming projects course
  • Weekly student seminars (topic review or research
    report by students)
  • Weekly research colloquium
  • Biomedical informatics civics

30
Medical Informatics Textbook (2nd edition)
Springer Verlag - 2000
2004?
31
Program Characteristics
  • Steady-state program size 45-50 students
  • Dental informatics postdocs 3 students
  • Applications per year 130 candidates
  • Admissions per year 8-10 students
  • Principal faculty 30
  • Participating and consulting faculty 20
  • Trainees generally supported on a training grant,
    as graduate research assistants on sponsored
    projects, or as teaching assistants

32
Doctoral Research in Informatics
  • Although they are inspired by biomedical
    application goals, dissertations in biomedical
    informatics must
  • offer methodological innovation, not simply
    interesting programming artifacts
  • generalize to other domains, within or outside
    biomedicine
  • Inherently interdisciplinary, biomedical
    informatics provides bridging expertise and
    opportunities for collaboration between computer
    scientists and biomedical researchers and
    practitioners

33
Career Paths for Biomedical Informatics
Professionals
  • Academic biomedical informatics research and
    development, and educational support
  • Clinical, administrative, and educational
    management
  • Operational service management
  • Health system chief information officer or
    medical/nursing director for information
    technology
  • Digital library development and implementation
  • Corporate research and development
  • Biotechnology/pharmaceutical companies

34
Trends
  • Creation of several new biomedical informatics
    departments or independent academic units
  • Reasonably strong job market for graduates of
    informatics degree programs
  • Government investment in training and research is
    reasonably strong, especially for applications
    and demonstrations
  • Increasing acceptance of biomedical informatics
    as an emerging subspecialty area by biomedical
    professional societies
  • Increasing recognition that biomedical problems
    can drive the development of basic theory and
    capabilities in information technology research
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