This lifes dim windows of the Soul, Distorts the heavens from pole to pole, And leads you to believe

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Flamingoes at Lake Nakuru, Kenya
This lifes dim windows of the Soul,Distorts the
heavens from pole to pole,And leads you to
believe a lie,When you see with, not thru the
Eye. William Blake
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Water in Crisis/ The Reform Agenda

• Water Scarcity
• The Reform Agenda
• Should access to freshwater be a human right?
• The Price of Water
• Readings de Villiers, Chapts 11 13 (?)
  Middle East Nile and Tigris/Euphrates

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Useful Websites

• Freshwater dispute database (Oregon State
  University) http//ocid.nacse.org/tfdd/
• UN Water http//www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/un
  water.html

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International Drainage Basins in the World
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Goal 7 Ensure Environmental Sustainability

• Integrate the principles of sustainable
  development into country policies and programmes
  reverse loss of environmental resources
• Reduce by half the proportion of people without
  sustainable access to safe drinking water
• Achieve significant improvement in lives of at
  least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020.

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Env Goals 9, 10 and 11
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Water quantity
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Global Water Withdrawals, by sector, 1900 - 2000
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Summary of Water Availability

• Amount of water is constant (approx 40,000 cu km
  of runoff available desalination provides lt
  1)
• Water demand is increasing (pop growth
  industrial development and expansion of irrigated
  agriculture)
• Total accessible runoff appropriated by humans
  58 (70 by 2025)
• Water is distributed unequally over space

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Response (20th Century)?

• Augment Supply calculate future demands and then
  augment supply to meet these demands (much like
  energy focus on supply side solutions)
• Build new reservoirs, aqueducts and pipelines
  (inter-basin transfer)
• Benefits? Increased food production more
  hydropower generation (impacts?) reduced
  water-related diseases but at a huge economic
  cost (and we continue to look at supply-side
  solutions dams and development)

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• Engineering solutions can have significant
  environmental, social and economic consequences
• In late 1980s (and since) there was a switch to
  improved efficiency of water use in ag and
  industry (particularly in NA) and demand
  management in the household sector (still need
  projections of future demand, but most
  overestimate needs)
• Not in all countries Turkey China India

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Water Resource Mgmt Principles

• Codified in ICWE (Dublin, 1992) and World Water
  Fora (1997 - Marrakech, 2000 The Hague, 2003
  Kyoto (2006 in Mexico))
• Basic human needs for drinking water and
  sanitation services must be met (MDG 7)
• Security of food supply through more efficient
  mobilization and use and more equitable
  allocation of water
• Basic ecosystem needs for water must be met

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• Sharing water resources and promoting better
  cooperation
• Valuing water in a way that reflects its social,
  economic, cultural and environmental values and
  price water services according to the cost of
  their provision, taking into account needs of the
  poor
• Ensuring that new supply systems are flexible and
  maximally efficient
• Involve non-governmental organizations and all
  other stakeholders in water resource management
  decisions

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What is Missing?

• Should individuals have a right to fresh water?
  That is, under international law, should States
  have a duty to protect and promote a human right
  to fresh water?
• UN Declaration on Human Rights (1948 reinforced
  1998)
• Everyone has a right to Life, liberty and
  security of person (Article 3) own property
  (17) freedom of thought and religion (18) an
  assured standard of living, including food,
  clothing and housing (25) free education
  (primary and secondary 26).

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Value of acknowledging a human right to water

• To encourage countries to renew their efforts to
  meet basic water needs of their citizens
• Important step toward international legal
  obligations
• Focus more effort on deplorable state of water
  management in many regions
• Focus more attention on transboundary disputes
  and
• Help to establish specific priorities for water
  policy.

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Principle Categories of Water Use
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Supply Side
Demand Side
Domestic use
Surface water
Agriculture
Consumptive Use
Natural Resources
Ground water
Industry
Integrated Water Management
Navigation
Brackish water
Hydropower generation
Waste water
Non-conventional resources
Non-consumptive use
Aquatic environment
Other water
Recreation
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Key Issues The Reform Agenda

• Adopt Integrated Water Resource Management
• Link sector needs with water policy, resource
  allocation and mgmt
• Central policy-making and local management
• Problems in pricing, fragmentation of decision
  making health concerns

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• Use water more efficiently and reduce pollution
• Promote efficient use through technical
  instruments and economic incentives.
• Resource pricing, water banking and modernization
  of conveyance and distribution systems
• E.g., Prices in the Middle East range from US
  0.04 per cu. m. to 1.11 per cu. m. (marginal
  cost approx. 0.35 desalination cost 0.60
  0/95?)

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• Pricing is problematic O M costs covered?
  Capital costs? Marginal cost?
• Some countries moving ahead (Tunisia Jordan)
• Increase irrigation efficiency (through both
  pricing and technology)
• Bananas yield of 0.44/cu.m.
• Wheat yield of 0.20/cu.m.
• Flowers yield of 1.00/cu.m. (Jordan, Morocco
  and Tunisia)

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• Reuse wastewater (cost of 0.10 - 0.50 per
  cu.m.) Health risks?
• Improve water quality establish or improve water
  quality standards (and enforcement)
• Reduce groundwater extraction (monitor and
  control of groundwater extraction)

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• Improve partnerships among NGOs, government and
  the private sector
• Decentralized and participatory approaches
• Private sector participation (services, mgmt)
• Enhance supply
• Desalination
• Imports (tanker, pipeline)
• Virtual water

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• Promote partnerships regional and international
• Better technical and financial cooperation on
  water issues
• World Bank Regional Water Initiative
• IDRC (CIDA) Demand Management Forum
• Note similarity to water principles MDGs
  other development goals

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The Price of Water

• (From previous principles) Valuing water in a
  way that reflects its social, economic, cultural
  and environmental values and price water services
  according to the cost of their provision, taking
  into account needs of the poor

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Water as an Economic Resource
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Four Groups

• High-use group (gt 250 L/p/day) Canada, US,
  Australia and Japan
• In-between (200 L/p/d) Italy, Spain, Turkey
  and Sweden
• Middle-Range (130 190 L/p/day) France, UK,
  Norway, New Zealand
• Low-use group (Hungary Germany, Belgium)

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Water as an Economic Resource
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Economic Value

• Importance of marginal cost pricing
• Problems???
• Requires measurement of actual use (not always
  possible)
• Difficult to administer
• Water pollution damages do not exist
• Social Issues?
• Should a minimum amount be free?
• Income distribution issues
• Equitable charges???

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• Environmental Issues? Negative externalities
• Quantity vs quality (abstraction may affect
  ecosystem health degradation of quality
• Unsustainable use
• Privatisation (cost, monopoly etc costly to
  enter market) More later

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Tariff Structures

• No meter
• Connection charge
• Fixed charge
• With meters
• Volumetric rate (what about variability for
  company?)
• Minimum charges?
• Cost of meter?

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of households metered
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Water in Crisis - Summary

• Four Crises
• How much water is there?
• Water availability and withdrawal
• Water Scarcity
• The Reform Agenda
• Readings de Villiers, Chapts 4 - 6 WWAR, Chapt
  4 (Water Cycle)

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The friends thou hast and their attention tried,
grapple them to your soul with hoops of
steel. Shakespeare