ROK006001 PostTsunami Environmental Impact Assessment Project

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ROK/006/001 Post-Tsunami Environmental Impact
Assessment Project
Mitigation of Coastal Impact of Natural Disaster
like Tsunami Using Nuclear or Isotope-Based
Technique
INDIAN REPORTS BY S.K.Jha Environmental
Assessment Division Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre Mumbai-400085 skjha_at_barc.gov.in
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Table 2 History of Tsunamis
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Chronology of events

• Project formulation meeting- 23-24 Feb.
• Meeting of national representative
• March- April 2006.
• Request for India's participation by RCA India
  office- June 28,2006.
• Proposal for national team for approval July 6,
  2006

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OFFICAL PERMISSION RECEIVED JULY,2006

• Approval for participation of environment
  assessment division.
• Objective lead country coordinator-Shri. V.D.
  Puranik, head, environmental assessment division.
• National project coordinator- S.K. Jha so (F)
  environmental assessment division.

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NATIONAL TEAM OF INDIA

• Dr. P.P. Haridasan, Environmental assessment
  division, health physics unit, Indian rare earths
  limited, udyogmandal, Kerala
• Dr. D. Vidyasagar, Environmental assessment
  division, health physics unit, Orissa sand
  Complex, Indian rare earths limited Orissa

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• NATIONAL TEAM OF INDIA
• Ms Aditi Chakraborty EAD Mumbai BARC
• Sunil Balke EAD Mumbai BARC
• S Rajaram Environmental survey Lab Tamilnadu
• Vijay Kumar Environmental survey Lab Kudaikulam
  Tamilnadu
• Addition Supporting Member
• Ms Sujata Chavan,EAD Mumbai BARC
• Ms Sheetal Kadam, EAD Mumbai BARC
• Shri Pradumna Lenka, EAD Mumbai BARC

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Analytical Laboratories Around The Coastal Belt
of India Constituting The National Team
BARC, Mumbai
OSCOM, Orissa
IGCAR
Udyogmandal
IGCAR, Kalpakkam
Kudankulam
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NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES (NATs) ARE
DEVELOPED BASED ON UTILISATION OF CERTAIN
PROPERTIES OF NUCLEUS AND ASSOCIATED WITH THE
PHENOMENA OF IONISING RADIATIONS TECHNIQUES THAT
USE NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTATION ARE ALSO CALLED
NATs
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NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL METHODS
DIRECT METHODS INDIRECT METHODS

• ACTIVATION METHODS
• PROMPT PGNAA, PIXE ..
• DELAYED NAA, CPAA, PAA
• IBA NRA, PIGE, RBS, PIXE
• ADDITION OF RADIOTRACERS
• 3. USE OF RADIATION SOURCES
• ABSORPTION ?,?, n
• SCATTERING ANALYSIS
• FLUORESCENCE XRF

RADIOACTIVITY
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Some applications of NATs
Radioactivity in different matrices a / ?
spectrometry TINA Radio isotopes as tracers
many a process unique Composition analysis
NAA, XRF(S), TXRF(L), PIXE Distribution ( X-Y)
IBA Many more areas by judicious combination
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• NATs like NAA and to some extent PIXE XRF are
• multielemental
• nondestructive
• blank free (NAA)
• sensitive ( particularly NAA)
• selective
• But, suffers from
• psychological deterrent handling radioactivity
• facilities ---- reactors, accelerators
• easy availability (!!) of competing techniques
  like ICPAES, ICP-MS

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So where do NATs stand ?
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Comparison of some analytical methods for trace
element analysis
Costs (S)
Costs (L)
Distribution
Turn-around time
Routine
Sensitivity (S)
Sensitivity (L)
Multi-elemental
Method
Sample type
Sample size
Accessibility
Accuracy
L Aq. Solution, S solid, Positive (),
Average (0), Negative (-), depends on N??
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INTRODUCTION NAA

• Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) is an isotope
  specific nuclear analytical technique capable of
  simultaneous multielement analysis
• It is a highly sensitive technique due to
  availability of high flux nuclear reactor and
  high efficiency HPGe detectors
• This technique is capable of determining as many
  as 70 elements of periodic table. Elements
  include Na, K, Mg, Ca, V, Al, Ti, Mn, Sc, Fe,
  Cr, Ni, Co, Zn, Cd, As, Mo, Ta, W, Hf, Au, REEs
  (La-Lu), Th and U.
• Applications to many fields such as biology,
  geology, environment, forensic sciences, medicine
  and nuclear technology.
  

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DIFFERENT NAA METHODOLOGIES
INAA TNAA, ENAA, FNAA, PGNAA CNAA PNAA, RNAA,
DNAA, SNAA
When a sample is analyzed without any chemical
dissolution for matrix or analyte separation
procedure, the method of NAA is known as INAA
Depending on the complexity of the ?-spectrum and
the requirement of analysis, radiochemical/
chemical separations are employed
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Instrumental NAA INAA
POWERFUL TECHNIQUE DUE TO

• ? NONDESTRUCTIVE
• SIMULTANEOUS MULTIELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
• HIGH SENSITIVITY FOR MANY ELEMENTS
• HIGH SELECTIVITY
• NEGLIGIBLE MATRIX EFFECT

Chemical NAA CNAA

• MULTIELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
• INTERFERENCE FREE
• BETTER DETECTION LIMIT
• NO MATRIX EFFECT

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FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF NAA
The future position of NAA among alternative
trace element analysis techniques will depend
strongly on further development and exploitation
of the advantages and reduction of the
drawbacks. Applications of NAA should be
selective, exploiting the specific advantages of
the technique and avoiding application where NAA
is clearly not the method of choice. (i) when
high accuracy is required ( ref. method) (ii)
for the analysis of reference materials, (iii)
materials that are difficult to destruct, (iv)
for large inhomogeneous samples (v) for samples
that have to be preserved after irradiation and
analysis.
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Typical Spectrum of sediment sample acquired on
50 (R.E) n-type HPGe detector for 1000 minutes
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Gamma ray spectrum of long-lived nuclides
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TYPICAL DETECTION LIMIT VALUES
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OBJECTIVES

• To understand the Geo-chemical Variation in the
  Tsunami effected Area.
• To understand the temporal and spatial
  distribution of toxic elements.
• Better understanding of the effects of tsunami on
  coastlines and what evidence they may leave in
  the coastal stratigraphy.
• To help the policy makers in guiding for coastal
  development, location of emergency facilities,
  and tsunami evacuation planning

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KALPAKKAM

• Availability of Pre-Tsunami Data
• Changing wind direction during different seasons
  - waves -gt change in currents
• Directly mixes into the coastal waters -
  Northeast monsoon
• mixes with the sea - Southwest monsoon

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Study Area
Bay of Bengal
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STUDY AREA
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Results discussion
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Pre-Tsunami Post-Tsunami
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Pre-Tsunami Post-Tsunami
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Post-Tsunami correlation Ca, Sr, Ti, Ni, Rb K
with Fe
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Gulf of Mannar
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IMAGE SHOWING THE OFFSHORE SAMPLING SITES
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Results of the coral health status study
indicated that there was a slight reduction in
live coral cover after the tsunami. The Gulf of
Mannar reefs were the only mainland reefs
affected by the tsunamis. Corals showing partial
bleaching, infestation with disease, silt
smothering live corals, recently killed corals,
broken corals, upturned corals, sea grass damage,
filamentous algae, and thick and turf algae were
found in many places around the 21 islands in the
Gulf of Mannar. The live coral cover of 48.5 in
the Gulf of Mannar was reduced to 36 after the
tsunami. The coral cover under stress was 6.7 ,
which included corals showing partial bleaching
and those infested with pink line disease
syndrome. The silt-smothered coral cover was 30
. Damage to corals due to tsunami was 6.7 that
included recently killed corals, upturned corals
and broken corals
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It was reported that sedimentation rates have
ranged from 50 to 110 mg/cm2/day on the Tuticorin
coast since February 2003, and these were not
affecting the corals. In January 2005, after the
tsunamis, the sedimentation rate was 56
mg/cm2/day and also not damaging the corals. In
May 2005, there was some coral bleaching in the
Gulf of Mannar, especially on the Keelakarai and
Tuticorin Islands where 34 of inter tidal corals
were bleached.
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The bridge connecting Manakudy and Keelamanakudy
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Conclusion
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• A higher Th/U activity ratio was observed in the
  beach sediment during pre Tsunami events. Th/U
  ratio from shale, limestone and Western Ghats are
  included for comparison purpose.
• The ratio of average Th/U for the shales,
  countrywide soils and the Deccan stations i.e.
  Western Ghats are 4.3, 3.75 and 4.4. Presently at
  two locations i.e. near Kundupadu and Vann Island
  the ratio comes to 2.60 and 2.27.
• A sharp decrease in the ratio was observed in the
  Mahabalipuram from 35.7 in pre Tsunami to 1.5
  observed during present study.
• Analysis of major and minor element distribution
  in these samples along with natural radioactivity
  data help in assessing the impact of Tsunami on
  coastal marine environment. Decreases of Pb in
  the sediment indicate decrease clay content in
  the sediment.
• Marine sediment contain history of events happens
  in the past and proved to be interesting tool to
  understand the history.
• Present results confirms the observation on
  coastal morphology changes carried by N.P. Kurian
  etc. on the coast of Kerla.

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• Conclusion
• The concentration of Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Mn, Rb, Sr,
  Ti, K and Ca was correlated with the
  concentration of Fe in the sediment.
• The strong positive correlation was obtained for
  Cu and Ni.
• Ti, K and Rb show the positive correlation.
• The negative correlation obtained for Ca, Sr, Zn
  and Pb indicates the different source for these
  elements in the marine sediment. This reflects a
  change in geochemical characteristic of sediment.

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Thank You