Development of the Biblical Canon adapted from materials of Professor Paul Hahn of the University of

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New Testament Canon
Prof. M. M. Ninan
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Old Testament was the Scripture of the Early
Church
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3 who saw Transfiguration
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12 disciples
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and all these others who witnessed Jesus on the
Road and the Risen Lord
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People who saw and heard Jesus shared their
experience
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others
500
12
3
70
People who saw and heard Jesus shared their
experience
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1Co 156 Then he appeared to more than five
hundred brethren at one time, most of whom are
still alive, though some have fallen asleep.
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Oral and written traditions behind the gospels

• Collected, memorized and (perhaps) recorded
• Sayings of Jesus
• Miracle stories
• Passion narrative

Q
from the German Quelle, "source"
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Source Criticism Four Source Hypothesis
"M"
Mark
"Q"
"L"
Luke
Mathew
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Various Source Hypotheses

posits three sources for Luke Mark, Q, and to a
lesser extent Matthew
2SH holds that Mark was the first gospel to be
composed and became the primary narrative source
for Matthew and Luke (Markan priority). In
addition, Matthew and Luke independently
supplemented their Markan material with sayings
of Jesus from a lost sayings collection, termed
"Q".
4SH Matthew's and Luke's own special sources
are postulated to be distinct, written sources
How the gospel writings evolved
Markan Hypothesis
Matthew and Luke used the first version of Mark
(pMk), which was revised into Secret Mark (dMk).
Our Mark then comes an edited version of Secret
Mark.
The Logia Translation Hypothesis from Hebrew and
Greek stories
Proto gospel and Q
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Problem of collecting and codifying came only
when churches realized that witnesses are dying.
Historical Jesus 4 BC -30 AD
Miracle and Parables Oral Transmission 30 AD - 50
AD
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the early church gathered for a meal and
remembered the life, works and the words of Jesus
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• Memories fade
• People who witnessed the event die
• The 4 gospels were written very early after
  Jesus death and resurrection
• Mark around 70 A.D.
• Matthew around 80 A.D.
• Luke around 80 A.D.
• John around 90 A.D.

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Collecting the books
Canonization of the New Testament
Phase I About 50 A.D. 100 A.D.

• The Apostles Consider their Writings to be
  scripture.
• Paul Colossians 416, I Thessalonians 527,
  II Thessalonians 215
• Peter II Peter 115, 31-2
• Paul I Timothy 518
• Peter II Peter 315-16

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Emphasis on the book varied with area
It was the Apostolic witness that formed the core
of the faith of Christiansall around the World
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Time Line of
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witnesses
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• ca. 51-100 AD The New Testament books are
  written.
• But during this same period other early Christian
  writings are produced
• The Didache (ca. 70)
• 1 Clement (ca. 96)
• The Epistle of Barnabas (ca. 100)
• 7 Letters of Ignatius of Antioch (ca. 110)
• The Shepherd of Hermas (ca. 100)
• If you want to read them www.earlychristianwritin
  gs.com

Oldest MS of John 125 AD
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Development of the New Testament Canon
Nobody thought of a Code of Canon
until heresies cropped up
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Development of the New Testament Canon
we see the wisdom of defining the Canon and Creed
as we see the mushrooms of heresy
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incorporates Christian ideas. (mid-second
century)
Proliferation of Gnostic writings
Gospels Acts
Apocalypses
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Gospels Gospel of Mary Gospel of Thomas
Gospel of Truth Gospel of
Philip
Gospel of Judas Apocalypse The Apocryphon
of John
The Apocalypse of Adam Thomasine works
Hymn of Jude Thomas the Apostle in the
Country of Indians The Gospel of Thomas The Book
of Thomas The Contender Writing to the Perfect
Valentinian . ca 153 AD/CE, Bishop of Rome
The Divine Word Present in the Infant
On the Three Natures Adam's Faculty
of Speech To Agathopous Jesus'
Digestive System Annihilation of the Realm of
Death On Friends The Source of Common
Wisdom Basilides (132? CE/AD). The
Octet of Subsistent Entities
The Uniqueness of the World Election
Naturally Entails Faith and Virtue
The State of Virtue (Fragment D) The Elect
Transcend the World (Fragment E)
Reincarnation
Gnostic Christian Traditions
2nd C
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In India this generated new Iswaras in the
place of Isa This gave rise to Hinduism
Manicaen
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• ca. 140AD He was a businessman in Rome.

Real Problem in the west
(c.110-160)
Marcion
Marcion donated 200,000 sesterces to the Church
of Rome after Pope Hyginus died in 143, an
impressive sum of money. Many have conjectured
that this "gift" was actually a calculated bribe
on the part of Marcion and his adherents in order
to obtain the bishopric of Rome.
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• ca. 140AD
• There are two Gods
• Yahweh, the cruel God of the Old Testament
• Abba, the kind father of the New Testament

Church returned his money and excommunicated
him after a hearing
Marcion,(c.110-160)
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Marcions Canon Gospel according to Luke Romans
I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians
Ephesians (Laodiceans) Colossians
Thessalonians I Thessalonians II Philemon
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Marcion's "New Testamentthe first to be
compiled forced other Christian leaders, like
Irenaeus, to decide on a core canon
   
 
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• Tests for inclusion
• three main criteria were used
• Early date
• Was it written within a 100 years of the
  death of Jesus? Written during the life time of
  Apostles. John died in AD 100
• 2. Apostolic connections
• What eye witness corrobation is behind it?
  
• 3. Intrinsic soundness
• Quality of theological reflection
• Is it Good Theology? The Incarnation and
  historicity of Jesus of Nazareth

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Canonization of the New Testament
Phase II About 100 A.D. 170 A.D.

• First collection of New Testament books showed
  up in Rome.
• Other areas held some collections of New
  Testament books
• Each region or area would have a different
  collection of books
• The church had no council, meeting, or
  conference to bring all the apostolic writings
  together.
• Distance kept the New testament canon very
  diverse.
• Each church used and read the writings it had.

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Irenaeus list ca. 180 AD
Thessalonians I Thessalonians II I Timothy II
Timothy Titus James (?) 1 Peter 1 John
Revelation of John Shepherd of Hermas
Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans I
Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians
Philippians
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Canonization of the New Testament
Phase III About 70 A.D. 200 A.D.

• Early Church Fathers consider the Apostolic
  letters to be scripture
• Clement of Rome refers to Matthew, Luke,
  Romans, Corinthians, Hebrews, I Timothy, I Peter.
• Polycarp Quotes Philippians, and nine other
  of Paul's Epistles.
• Ignatius Quotes Matthew, I Peter, I John, and
  nine of Pauls Epistles.
• Papias (pupil of John) Quotes John and talks
  about the origin of Matthew and Mark
• Others
• Tatian, Justin Martyr, Basilides, Marcion,
  Irenaeus, Tertullian, Origen
• All considered the Apostolic letters to be
  scripture

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AD 200 Muratorian fragment List

• But the periphery of the canon is not yet
  determined.
• According to one list, compiled at Rome around
  200 (often called the Muratorian Canon), the NT
  consists of
• The 4 Gospels (though first 2 are missing)
• Acts
• 13 letters of Paul (Hebrews is not included)
• 1-2 John
• Jude
• The Apocalypse of Peter.
• But not Hebrews, James, 3 John, 1 2 Peter, or
  Revelation

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Canonization of the New Testament
Phase IV About 300A.D. 340 A.D.

• Constantine accepts Christianity.
• He orders 50 Bibles to be prepared for all the
  churches in his city Constantinople.
• Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea was given the job
  of preparing the 50 Bibles.

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300 AD Eusebius of Caesarea Church Historian
Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340
Eusebius lived through the Great Persecution
under Diocletian and served as the bishop of
Caesarea during the reign of Constantine. He
was one of the bishops present at the Council of
Nicaea. He is best known for writing his
Ecclesiastical
History.
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300 AD Eusebius of Caesarea Church Historian
Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340
Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History
When he wrote his History, Eusebius' vital
concern was to record facts before they
disappeared and before eyewitnesses might be
killed and libraries might be burned during the
next persecution. He faithfully transcribed the
most important existing documents of his day,
enabling later generations to have a collection
of factual history about the first three
centuries of Christianity. Eusebius'
Ecclesiastical History is one of the classics of
early Christianity and stands in equal stature
with the historical works of Josephus.
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Eusebius did extensive research to find out
what books were accepted by the churches.
Eusebius divided the books into four groups
Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340
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300 AD Eusebius of Caesarea Church Historian
Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340
recognized, disputed, spurious and
heretical
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Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340

• Recognized
• The four Gospels,
• Acts,
• Pauls letters,
• 1 John,
• 1 Peter
• and if it really seems right, Revelation

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Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340

• Disputed
• James,
• Jude,
• 2 Peter
• and
• 2 3 John

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Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340
Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History

• Spurious Acts of Paul, Shepherd of Hermas,
  Apocalypse of Peter, Letter of Barnabas, the
  Didache, the Gospel of the Hebrews and,
• if it seems right, Revelation

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Eusebius A.D. 260 - 340
Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History

• Heretical
• Gospels of Peter, Thomas, Matthias, etc.,
• Acts of Andrew, John or other apostles

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Using groups 1and 2, he made his list of
accepted books. Which happen to be identical to
our modern day list of New Testament books.
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367AD Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria,in his
Easter letter.
The earliest extant list of the books of New
Testament, in exactly the number and order in
which we presently have them
in his Easter letter of 367
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We must remember that the whole process was
rather fluid and took place over a long period of
time. At one stage certain books that are now
in were out and others that are now out were in.
Eusebius wrote a list of books in AD 320 and
Bp Athanasius in AD367 makes the first record
of what we recognise as the New Testament
Many strands forms the thread
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Canonization of the New Testament
Phase V About 397A.D.

• The Council of Carthage
• Gave formal approval to canonize 27 books of the
  New Testament.
• These books were the same 27 listed by Eusebius
  research.
• All 27 books had already been accepted by the
  churches through the years.
• These same 27 books now make up our modern New
  Testament.

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reproduces the same list and declares
397AD The North African Council of Carthage
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397AD The North African Council of Carthage
reproduces the same list and declares
apart from the canonical Scriptures nothing is
to be read in church under the name of the divine
Scriptures Let the church across the sea be
consulted for the confirmation of this canon.
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Closing of the Canon settled to mark out
against Heresy, That which the Church
considered to be a true and genuine reflection of
Christian Teaching, covering the life and work
of Jesus, how to live the Christian Faith,
useful for teaching and encouraging the church
to witness and persevere in the face of
persecution.
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Non-canonical Christian Writings

• Apocryphal works not accepted into NT Canon
• Why not? written later different theology
  used by heretical groups?
• More Gospels Gospels of Thomas, Peter,
  Judas, etc.
• More Acts Acts of Paul, of Peter, of Thomas,
  etc.
• More Apocalypses Apoc. of John, of Peter, etc.

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Non-canonical Christian Writings

• Patristic works also not in NT, but different
  reasons
• Why not? not apostolic (i.e., written later,
  but theology acceptable)
• More Letters/Epistles by Barnabas, Clement,
  Ignatius of Antioch, etc.
• More Homilies/Sermons by later bishops
  teachers
• Other Genres Biblical commentaries theological
  treatises etc.
• 4th 5th Cent. Creeds summary statements of
  Christian beliefs

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AD 1536 Martin Luther

• 1536 Martin Luther translates the Bible from
  Hebrew and Greek to German.
• He assumes that, since Jews wrote the Old
  Testament, theirs is the correct canon.
• He puts the extra 7 books in an appendix that he
  calls the "Apocrypha."
• This is the Old Testament that most Protestants
  use (Anglicans also use the Apocrypha
  devotionally).

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• 1536 In his translation of the Bible from Greek
  into German, Luther removes 4 NT books
• Hebrews,
• James,
• Jude, and
• Revelation
• from their normal order and places them at the
  end, stating that they are less than canonical.
• Most other Protestants do not agree with him.

Martin Luther
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Roman Catholic
AD 1546 The Catholic Church council which made
a formal claim about the extent of the Christian
canon Protestant, Eastern Orthodox, Coptic and
other Christians do not consider this council
universal reaffirms the canonicity of all 46
books of OT. and 27 books of NT
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The Reliablity of Transmission
II
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Is the Bible reliable in transmission?
By the end of the 1 9th century, however,
archaeological discoveries had confirmed the
accuracy of the New Testament manuscripts.
Discoveries of early papyri bridged the gap
between the time of Christ and existing
manuscripts from a later date.
Those findings increased scholarly confidence in
the reliability of the Bible. William F.
Albright,
"We can already say emphatically that there is no
longer any solid basis for dating any book of the
New Testament after about A.D. 80, two full
generations before the date between 130 and 150
given by the more radical New Testament critics
of today."
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The importance of Time of writing
Marks gospel
Jesus death and resurrection
30-33 A.D.
70 A.D.
40 years

• There are still people ALIVE in 70 A.D. who were
  alive in 30-33 A.D.
• If Mark was lying, he would be corrected for sure
  

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Bible vs Julius Caesars bio
Jesus died
Earliest Surviving Copy Mark
Tacitus
Caesar died
Mark
30 A.D.
70 A.D.
350 A.D.
44 B.C.
60 A.D.
950 AD
40 yrs
Earliest Surviving Copy Tacitus
100 yrs
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Writing Bible vs Alexanders bio
Jesus died
Earliest Surviving Copy Mark
323 BC
Plutarch
Alex died
Mark
30 AD
70 AD
350 AD
60 AD
950 AD
40 yrs
Earliest Surviving Copy Plutarch
400 yrs !!!
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Comparision of the Survival of New Testament
texts and other ancient documents

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Comparision of Survival of New Testament texts
and other ancient doc. of that time
New Testament texts
Non-New Testament Contempory texts
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The New Testament has survived in more
manuscripts than any other book from antiquity
(i.e., there are many more copies of the New
Testament from ancient times in the world today)
survived copies
24,000 partial and complete manuscripts
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There are now more than 5,300 known Greek
manuscripts of the New Testament. Add over
10,000 Latin Vulgate and at least 9,300 other
early versions (MSS) and So we have more than
24,000 manuscript copies of portions of the New
Testament in existence today.
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MANUSCRIPT RELIABILITY SUPPORTED BY VARIOUS
LANGUAGES AND VERSIONS
Syriac versions Old Syriac Syriac Peshitta.
150-250 AD. 4th C. 350 MSS
Palestinian Syriac. 400-450 AD Philoxenian
508 AD By Polycarp Harkleian Syriac. 616 AD
Coptic (or Egyptian) versions Sahidic. 3rd C.
Bohairic 5th C Middle Egyptian 4-5th C .
Other early versions Armenian 4th C Gothic.
4th C Georgian. 5th C Ethiopic. 6th C Nubian.
6th C
Latin versions Old Latin. 4th 13th C African
Old Latin - 400 AD. Codex Corbiensis 400-500
AD four Gospels. Codex Vercellensis 360 AD.
Latin Vulgate 366-384 AD by Jerome
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Accuracy of Transmission 86,000 quotations from
the early church fathers and several thousand
Lectionaries (church-service books containing
Scripture quotations used in the early
centuries of Christianity).
We can cross check with over 24000 MS and
immense references
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New Testament has survived in a purer form
than any other book a form that is 99.5
pure. (i.e., 99.5 of the New Testament that
we read today is exactly the same as the orignal
copy that was written almost 2000 years ago !!!)
accurate
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First Century
Methods of Transmission
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• Some Terms

Papyrus Ancient writing paper made from the
papyrus plant. MS Two letters used to denote a
handwritten copy of the scriptures. Parchment
Animal skins that have been prepared to be used
like paper. Vellum Calf-skin that has been
prepared to be used like paper. Codex Means
book form. Papyrus sheets put together to make
reading easier. Canon An official list, group,
or segment of accepted books. Scrolls Papyrus
sheets glued together and rolled around a stick,
usually 20-30 feet
long. Septuagint The Greek translation of the
Old Testament. Dead Sea Scrolls Scrolls found
in the caves of Qumran which contained many old
testament books. These
scrolls were 1000 years older than the
MS we had.
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Ancient Writing Materials

• Papyrus (reed plant)
• Cut in strips, flattened
• Less expensive, durable

Papyrus
Papyri refers to the material the text is written
on, papyrus. Papyrus manuscripts are the earliest
witness to the New Testament. extant papyrus
manuscripts of the New Testament ranges from the
second century CE to the eight century CE.
Papyrus manuscripts are designated using the
letter "P" followed by numerals in superscript
(e.g. P1, P52 etc). There are about 96 papyrus
manuscripts.
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P52 - Oldest NT fragment

• Ca. 125 150 C.E. (now in John Rylands Library,
  Manchester)
• front John 1831-33 back John 1837-38

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P46

• Oldest manuscript of the Pauline letters.
• Originally part of the Chester Beatty Papyri
• Written ca. AD 200
• Total of 104 pages, but several are now missing
• Included at least ten of the Pauline letters
• This image shows the text of 2 Cor 1133129

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Ancient Writing Materials
Vellum

• Vellum / Parchment
• Animal skins, prepared
• More expensive, durable

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Ancient Writing Format

• Scroll
• Rolled, sealed on outside
• Written on one side only
• Papyrus or Vellum

• Codex
• Sheets stacked, bound
• Written on both sides
• Papyrus or Vellum

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Uncials, refers to the formal capital letters
used in the writing of the text. Uncial
manuscripts are normally written on parchments
(animal hides). extant New Testament uncial
manuscripts ranges from the turn of the third
century CE to the 11th century CE. There are
299 extant uncial manuscripts.
Uncials
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Minuscules refer to the small letters written
with a running hand. Minuscules form the bulk of
the manuscripts (approx 2,800) but are also the
latest and furthest removed from the original
manuscripts. The earliest minuscule manuscripts
date from 9th century.
Miniscules
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How we got our New Testament Text
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Early Versions of the New Testament
Old Latin (OL) versions, end of the 2C AD
available copies date from the fourth to the
thirteenth century. There are, extant, about 50
manuscript fragments of OL, none of which
contains the complete New Testament
Latin Vulgate translation of Jerome
(c342-420). Today the more than 8,000 extant
manuscripts of the Vulgate show numerous cross
contamination of all textual types.
The Old Syriac 4th -5th C AD called the
Curetonianus
The Peshitta, of Syrian Churches extant 350
manuscripts, contains 22 books of the New
Testament but lacks II III John, II Peter, Jude
and Revelation-which the Syrian Church does not
accept as canonical.
Coptic, written with Greek alphabets (with
additional letters). 4C AD
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• Pre-Constantine Era (1st 3rd Cent.)
• Christians were poor, persecuted, minority
• NT texts only few papyrus scraps survive

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Biblical Texts

• Emperor Constantine
• Edict of Milan (312 C.E.)
• Imperial support of Christianity
• Construction of Churches
• Full Bible Codices on Vellumsome survive from
  4th / 5th Cent.
• Codex Sinaiticus
• Codex Vaticanus
• Codex Alexandrinus, etc.

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It has been accurately transmitted over time
through the copying of its documents There are
more than 5,000 complete or partial manuscripts
of New Testaments books available today in Greek,
let alone other ancient manuscripts in Latin and
other languages and distributed all around the
world. The wealth and antiquity of the
documents established the basic trustworthiness
of their transmission. Portions of the New
Testament that are textually uncertain which
are noted in the marginal notes of a good Bible
are rare further, they bring into question no
Christian doctrine.
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Codices
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The Oldest Codexs

• These were MSs. they were all hand written
• Codex Sinaiticus
• Made in 4th century
• Only MS with the entire New Testament
• Located in the British Museum
• Codex Vaticanus B 03
• Made in 4th century
• Located in the Vatican Library
• Codex Alexandrianus A 02
• Made in 5th century
• Located in the British Museum

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Constantine Tischendorf (1815-1874) found the
manuscript in 1844 in the monastery of St.
Catherine in Mount Sinai.
The Vaticanus is arguably the most important and
probably the earliest (early fourth century) of
all the New Testament manuscripts. The New
Testament is not complete however, as everything
after Hebrews 914 is lost.
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Canonization of the New Testament
Other Codexs

• These were MSs. they were all hand written
• Codex Ephraem C 04
• Made in 5th century
• Located in Paris
• Codex Beza D 05
• Made in 5th century
• Located in the University of Cambridge
• Codex Washington W 032
• Made in 4th century
• Located in the Smithsonian Library
• Codex Koridethi, Q 038.
• Made in the ninth century It contains the four
  gospels with some gaps

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III Translations
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1384 AD Wycliffe is the First Person to Produce
a (Hand-Written) manuscript Copy of the Complete
Bible in English (80 Books).  Wycliffe had no
access to Greek or Hebrew manuscripts and was
thus totally reliant on the fourth century Latin
translation of St. Jerome - the Vulgate.
John Wycliffe 1320 1384
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He is considered the founder of the Lollard
movement, a precursor to the Protestant
Reformation
The Council of Constance declared Wycliffe (on 4
May 1415) a stiff-necked heretic and under the
ban of the Church. It was decreed that his books
be burned and his remains be exhumed. Twelve
years afterward, at the command of Pope Martin V
they were dug up, burned, and the ashes cast into
the River Swift, which flows through Lutterworth
John Wycliffe 1320 1384
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John CAP 1 1 In the bigynnyng was the word, and
the word was at God, and God was the word. 2 This
was in the bigynnyng at God. 3 Alle thingis weren
maad bi hym, and withouten hym was maad no thing,
that thing that was maad. 4 In hym was lijf, and
the lijf was the liyt of men and the liyt
schyneth in derknessis, 5 and derknessis
comprehendiden not it. 6 A man was sent fro God,
to whom the name was Joon. 7 This man cam in to
witnessyng, that he schulde bere witnessing of
the liyt, that alle men schulden bileue bi hym. 8
He was not the liyt, but that he schulde bere
witnessing of the liyt. 9 There was a very liyt,
which liytneth ech man that cometh in to this
world. 10 He was in the world, and the world was
maad bi hym, and the world knew hym not. 11 He
cam in to his owne thingis, and hise resseyueden
hym not. 12 But hou many euer resseyueden hym, he
yaf to hem power to be maad the sones of God, to
hem that bileueden in his name the whiche not of
bloodis, 13 nether of the wille of fleische,
nether of the wille of man, but ben borun of God.
Bible in the language of the people unto salvation
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Johannes Gutenberg Discovers Printing Press He
started printing Bibles 1855
Born 1394-99? - Died 1468
The First Book Ever Printed is Gutenberg's
Bible in Latin.
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Machine-printed, hand-painted Gutenberg Bible in
Latin
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Gutenberg Bible, Library of Congress, Washington
D.C.
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Reformation
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The first printed edition of the New Testament in
English was the translation by William
Tyndale, probably printed by Peter Schoeffer,
the Younger, at Worms, Germany, in 1525 or
1526. Only one complete copy of that first
printing still exists. The translation had been
officially condemned by the English bishops, and
all copies that could be found were burned.
Tyndale himself was condemned for heresy and
burned at the stake in 1536,
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In 1526, Tyndale finally completed the first-ever
printed New Testament in English. Translating the
Bible into English without permission was a
serious crime, punishable by death. Infuriated,
the bishop of London confiscated and destroyed as
many copies of Tyndale's New Testament as he
could. Meanwhile, English authorities called for
Tyndale's arrest. He went into hiding, revised
his New Testament, and (after learning Hebrew)
began translating the Old Testament, too.
Tyndale was burned in 1563
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Historical Translations
English Translations
A.D. 676 Parts of the Bible translated into
Anglo-Saxon by Caedmon, Bede, Alfred the
Great A.D. 1382 The Wyclif Bible, the first
English Bible, translated from the Vulgate
Bible PRINTING A.D 1525 Tyndales Bible,
Translated from the original A.D. 1535
Coverdale Bible, translated from Dutch and Latin
sources. A.D. 1560 Geneva Bible, translation
based on the Tyndale Bible. A.D. 1611 Ordered
by King James A.D. 1881 Anglo-American
Revision, follows the King James version.
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KJV translation

• 1607 King James commissioned a group to translate
  the Bible.
• Enlisted the best men to work with only the
  Hebrew and the Greek text
• Men were divided into 6 groups to do the
  translating
• 3 groups worked on the Old Testament
• 2 groups worked on the New Testament
• 1 group worked on the Apocrypha (later dropped)
• When these 12 men finished, another group of men
  reviewed their work
• This group added works to make the text flow
  better in English, these are the Italicized words
  in your Bible.
• The work of the first two groups took 2 years to
  complete.
• The new translation was then submitted to another
  group for review.
• The work was finished by this group in nine
  months.
• The work employed over 54 translators
• The Authorized Version then published in 1611.
• Authorized by King James, not written by him.
• This work was a literal translation, word for
  word.
• More then 5,000 manuscripts were reviewed to
  complete this work.

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Modern Translations

• Amplified New Testament
• Amplified Old Testament
• Twentieth Century New Testament
• Weymouths New Testament
• Fentons Bible
• Moffats Translation
• Montgomery Centenary
• New Testament in Basic English
• Berkeley Version
• Norlies New Testament
• New English Bible
• Amplified Bible
• Living Bible
• New Living Translation
• New International version
• Good News Bible
• Revised Standard Version

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NASU New American Standard Bible updated
AMP Amplified Bible ESV English
Standard Version KJV King James Version
NRSV New Revised Standard Version HCSB
Holman Christian Standard Bible NIV New
International Version NLT New Living
Translation NCV New Century Version GNT
Good News Translation CEV
Contemporary English Version TLB The
Living Bible TM The Message  
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Word For Word Translations

• Interlinear Bible
• English Standard Version
• New American Standard Bible
• Amplified Bible
• King James Version
• New King James Version
• New American Bible

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Thought for Thought Translations

• New International Version
• New Living Translation
• New revised standard version
• Holman Christian Standard Bible
• The Message Bible
• Contemporary English Version
• Good News Translation
• Todays New International Version

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Malayalam Translations
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John Keatss closest and most influential
friend.
C.M.S High School and the C.M.S College were
founded by Benjamin Bailey in 1817 in Kottayam.
Bailey was the first Principal of the CMS
College

• The first printing press in Kerala has been
  established by Benjamin Bailey at Kottayam in
  1821.
• Bailey published
• The Gospel according to Mathew at Kottayam in
  1825.
• The New Testament was published in 1829
• Psalms in 1839
• and the entire Malayalam Bible in 1841.

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The History of MALAYALAM BIBLE
SYRIAN BIBLE Read during service was the only way
of hearing the word. Few understood
Syriac Sermons helped
1821
1450
52 AD
Printing PressGutenberg
Bailey established Printing Press in Kottayam
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The History of MALAYALAM BIBLE
These are based on King James Version
Vishudha Sathyaveda pusthakam Revised Modern
Malayalam Version
CMS Press
1829
1821
1839
1841
1983
1997
2000
Whole Bible
Psalms
1825 Mathew
New India Bible Version
New Testament
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• Peshitta omits
• 2 Peter
• 2-3 John
• Jude
• Revelation
• They were later added in later translations

There was an earlier translation into Old Syriac
Evangelion Dampharshe meaning 'Gospel of the
Separated'
To this day, readings from these books are not
read in Syriac Churches.
The word Peshitto in Syriac means 'simple' or
'clear'
Diatessaron, 'Gospel of the Mixed'.
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Translated into Malayalam from Syriac Peshitta
1811
1908
1987
1997
1928-1940
Manikathanaars Translations of New Testament
And eccl. Pro. TobitSt.Joseph Press, Mannanam

New Testament By Fr. Thomas Kayyalaparampil St.Tho
mas Seminary Vadavatur, Kottayam
Entire Bible Fr. Mathew Uppanni Based on Mosul
Peshitta but different order of books
Gospel of Luke Published in Bombay By Timapay
Pillai Fr.Phillipose Following the talks
between Buchanan and Mar Dionysius
Gospel of Mathew By Konnattu Matthan
Malpan British Bible Society
The Bible in the Syriac Tradition  By Sebastian
P. Brock 
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So, what do you think ?