DecentralizedParticipatory plant breeding

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Decentralized-Participatory plant breeding
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Objective
To develop an alternative way of conducting plant
breeding which is much more efficient and much
quicker in bringing new varieties to farmers, and
ensures that the new varieties are adapted to
farmers specific environments and end-uses
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Low Impact
In developing countries agricultural research has
a low impact particularly in the most difficult
environments where most of the poorest farmers
live
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Where is the problem?
In developing countries it is often said that
farmers are part of the problem We believe that
farmers are part of the solution
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The program is based on three concepts
The trials are grown in farmers fields using
farmers agronomic practices
Selection is conducted jointly by breeders and
farmers in farmers fields, so that farmers
participate in key decisions
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If we will always do what we always did, we will
always get what we always got
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Hybrid breeding in the US
The hybrids must be adapted to the environments
and farmers practices of each adaptation region
where the seed is to be sold
The hybrids must have specific traits and quality
as desired by the farmers, their potential
customers
Companies that fail to develop and/or distribute
locally adapted hybrids may fail as business
entities
Customers are in charge breeders must do their
best to furnish what the farmer wants and needs
Duvick, 2005
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Time to release a variety
Conventional Plant Breeding
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Variety release and adoption
Many varieties are released, but few are adopted
and grown by farmers
Several examples of farmers growing varieties
that are not released
The success of a breeding program must be
measured by the adoption not by the release of
varieties
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The general model
Different TEs receive different germplasm
TE Target environment
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Target environment
A research station in the target environment is
often, especially in rainfed areas, not the
target environment
Target environments (locations) can be chosen to
represent the major abiotic stresses
Within a location, additional target environments
can be chosen to represent different agronomic
practices
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Biplot of thirty barley genotypes grown in six
locations in Morocco
0.7
G x E84.9
E1
26
E5
Research stations
0.375
4
12
16
3
E4
7
6
E3
E6
1
9
27
0.05
28
22
17
2
Component 1 (21.42)
E2
25
20
8
13
5
15
10
14
11
18
24
-0.275
29
30
-0.6
-0.275
0.05
0.375
0.7
-0.6
Component 1 (33.43)
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Difference between On-Farm and PPB trials
kg/ha
3.4
1.5
14.8
13.0
On farm means of 26 trials in 4 yearsPPB
trials means of 55 trials in three years
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The general model
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One Village
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Genotype x Year Interactions are larger in stress
environments than in favorable environments
0.9
G x E48.6
TR_95
TR_97
A. Abiad
0.475
Rihane-03
TR_96
Comp 2 (19.16)
TH_95
Harmal
0.05
TR_98
TH_98
Arta
TH_96
Zanbaka
TH_97
A. Aswad
-0.375
Mari/Aths2
Tel Hadya and Terbol
0.8
-0.8
0.475
0.05
-0.375
Comp 1 (68.04)
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Large Genotype x Location Interactions in stress
environments also at micro-level
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G x E87.9
G x E47.6
3.6
A. Aswad
Ahmed
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Arta
21
Ali
2
16
Mohamed
9
1.8
Tadmor
1
23
2
14
5
1
3
3
6
Hamed
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Abed
18
Zanbaka
0
22
16
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Ibrahim
8
21
12
10
13
A. Abiad
5
14
18
22
Awad
7
10
15
4
3
19
17
11
8
9
13
-1.8
17
7
6
El Hakim
4
19
Mohamed
20
15
Osman
Majid
-1.8
0
1.8
3.6
5.4
Mardabsi (grain yield 4.4 t/ha)
Bylounan (grain yield 1.3 t/ha)
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PPB varieties named by farmers in Syria
1. H.spont.41-1/Tadmor (Raqqa-1) 2.
Arta//H.spont.41-5/Tadmor (Raqqa-2) 3.
Mo.B1337/WI2291//Moroc9-75/3/SLB31-24
(Suran-1) 4. Hml-02/5/..Alger/Ceres362-1-1/4/Hml
(Nawair-1) 5. Hml-02/5/..Giza 134-2L/6/Tadmor
(Nawair-2)
In 2005
6. SLB03-10/Zanbaka (Yazem) 7. Tadmor//Roho/Mazurk
a/3/Tadmor (Salam) 8. ArabiAswad/WI2269/3/ArabiAbi
ad/WI2291//Tadmor /4/Akrash//WI2291/WI2269
(Ethiad)
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Nawair-1 4.5 t/ha in farmers field conditions
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PPB named by farmers in Egypt
1. IPA7/4/Aw Black/Aths//Arar/3/9Cr.279-07/Roho
(Douma 1) 2. JLB70-01/5/DeirAlla106//DL70
(Kdoura 1) 3. Aw Black/Aths//Arar/3/9Cr.279-07/Roh
o (Dawaia)
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PPB varieties named by breeders in Eritrea
Abat ERLB3 released for medium altitude, named
Shishai Atsa Bulk released in Embaderho, named
Rhawa Atsa ERLB4 released in Adikeih, named
Tokonda
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Ms Fida participated in the selection of Tokonda
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Jordan
One PPB variety submitted for release rejected
because not uniform
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Participatory Plant Breeding
Three additional problems

• Role of Extension

Seed production
Variety release
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From a linear to a team approach

• Extension

Farmers
Research
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Variety release
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Seed
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PPB, variety release, formal and informal seed
production
PPB trials
Variety Release
FIT
Village-based small scale seed production
Farmers preference as criterion for release
FAT
FET
Village-based large scale seed production
Adoption
Regional-based large scale seed production by the
Formal Sector
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Farmers control of the purity of their selections
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The cost of PPB
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The aggregated cost of two types of centralized
breeding (C8 and C16) and of different
combinations of number of farmers and number of
sites in decentralized participatory plant
breeding.
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About cost
The cost to farmers of releasing an inferior
genotype is much less than the cost of not
releasing a superior genotype (Cullis et al, 1996)
What is the cost to an Institution of releasing a
variety which is not adopted?
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The cost of PPB
The costs are expected to be higher during the
transition from conventional to
participatory Therefore, the transition could be
presented as a case for external funding
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Breeding Strategies Choice of germplasm
Importance of landraces and wild relatives in
breeding for stress environments
This is hardly surprising as resistance to the
complex of stresses characteristic of marginal
environments must be based on several genes which
have been accumulated over a long period of time
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Breeding Strategies selection environment
Importance of selection in the target
environment decentralized breeding (already
practiced in Iran)
Hence, selection for stress resistance consists
in accumulating favourable alleles at several
loci . and this takes time
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EnvironmentLocations or Years?
Largely unpredictable
Predictable or unpredictable
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Why repeatability of G x L is important?
Is at the center of the choice between breeding
for wide or for specific adaptation
It is also a key to assess the usefulness of
selection/testing sites (cost, discriminating
power, user preferences)
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Observed (left) and predicted (right) gain per
selection cycles in two sub-regions for specific-
and wide-adaptation strategies
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Breeding Strategies capturing and using
information
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Suggestions (1 of 2)
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Suggestions (2 of 2)
Exchange of germplasm
We suggest to gradually replace the traditional
International Nurseries with nurseries specially
designed for DARI and SPII. These can contain
germplasm targeted for specific
objectives/problems such as dual purpose barley,
hulless barley, drought and salinity tolerance,
resistance to diseases and pest, etc.
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Sararood May 2005
Sararood
Karaj May 2003
Kermanshah