Occupational%20Safety%20and%20Health

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Occupational Safety and Health
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Global Estimates (Annually)

• 1.2 million work-related deaths
• 250 million accidents
• 160 million work-related diseases
• 4 of gross national product is lost

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Scale of accidents and incidents in occupation

• The cost of accidents and occupational diseases
  in EU-15 countries ranges between
• 2.6...3.8 of GNP (Gross National Product)
• Investments of EU-25 countries in the science
• 1.86 GNP

• One worker died every 2 hours
• One worker became a victim of accident every 5
  seconds
• 4900 fatalities occurred in 7.6 million
  accidents at work
• 4.9 million accidents resulted in more the 3
  days of absence from work

Georgios Katalagarianakis (European Commision,
DG Research), General Assembly of ETPIS, February
2007, Stuttgart. Eurostat, OECD.
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The Costs of China's Modernization

• Industrial accidents and disasters are
  responsible for over one million casualties and
  the loss of six percent of GDP every year.

                             

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Occupational Injuries (Hong Kong)
Acknowledgement to Hong Kong Occupational Safety
and Health Council
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Industrial Accidents (Hong Kong)
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Occupational Diseases
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Number of Confirmed Occupational Diseases in 2001
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Terminology

• Safety - Control of accidental loss
• Accident - Any undesired circumstance which gives
  rise to all health or injury damage to property,
  products or environment production losses or
  increased liabilities.
• Incident - all undesired circumstances near
  miss which have the potential to cause accidents.

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Pyramid of accidents
Serious injury
Minor injury
Properties damages
Incidents (near miss)
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What Causes Injuries?
Acts of
Unsafe
God
Conditions
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78
Unsafe
Acts
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UNSAFE CONDITIONS
UNSAFE ACTS
ACTS OF GOD

• Texas Workers Compensation Insurance Fund 2001

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Cost of accidents

• Economic - insured uninsured
• Legal - Civil Criminal liability
• Social - Morale, Image..

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Economic Cost
Insured cost
1
Uninsured misc. cost
1-3
Uninsured properties damage cost
5-50
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Economic cost

• Uninsured Misc.
• Efficiency
• Medical
• Administration Legal
• Uninsured properties damage
• Damaged machinery materials lost
• Production down time
• increased insurance premiums

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Legal cost

• Criminal liability (fine imprisonment)
• Factory Industrial Undertaking Ordinance
• Occupational Safety Health Ordinance
• Other legislation
• Civil liability (compensation)
• Law of contract
• Law of tort

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Social Cost

• Relation with employee (Morale)
• Business opportunity
• Public relation
• Social image

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REMEMBER..No job is so important and
No service is so urgent that we cannot take
time to perform our work safely.
Accident Case Study
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Unsafe Act or Unsafe
Condition
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Industrial safety among major problems

• Industrial safety
• Running down of traditional energy sources
• Reliability of supply of energy sources
• Terrorism
• Global warming

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BP accident in Texas City (23th March 2005)
Richard Gowland (ETPIS Chairman), 1st ETPIS
Mirror Group Meeting, European Council, March
2007, Brussels
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BP accident in Texas City

• 15 workers killed
• 170 people injured
• Extensive damage to the plant and nearby town

Dailly Telegraph 2007 02 12, Funds turn screw
A group of 39 UK public sector pension funds are
turning the screw on BP over the oil majors
safety failures. The Local Authority Person Fund
Forum whose members have over 70
Richard Gowland (ETPIS Chairman), 1st ETPIS
Mirror Group Meeting, European Council, March
2007, Brussels
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Gas Leakage at HKU

• Mishandling of acid in an open area
• Safety procedures have not been followed
• Loose supervision
• Evacuation enforced after the accident

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HP water cleaning

• Workers not properly trained for the safe use of
  equipment
• Equipment malfunction
• Loose supervision unclear working procedures
• Use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment ) may
  help

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Drainage Construction

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Residence Building Site

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HAZARD AWARENESS

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HAZARD AWARENESS

• Identify unsafe acts and conditions
• An unsafe act is something that a person
  habitually does that may result in an accident.
• An unsafe condition is something about the
  physical environment that may present a danger.
• Determine the corrective actions
• Safety shall take corrective action to eliminate
  the cause of nonconformities in order to prevent
  recurrence. Corrective action, and the response
  time to initiate such actions, shall be
  appropriate to the consequences of the
  nonconformities.
• Implement corrective actions
• Administrative (through personnel, management,
  monitoring, limiting worker exposure, measuring
  performance, training and education, housekeeping
  and maintenance.)
• Engineering (isolation of source, lockout
  procedure, design, process or procedural changes,
  monitoring and warning equipment, chemical or
  material substitution.)
• PPE (body protection, fall protection.)

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Can you find the hazard(s)?
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2
3
1
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Is there a Hazard?
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How about now?
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Common Workplace Hazards

• Fire and preventions
• Safety in Lifting Operations
• Machinery Safety
• Working at Heights
• Chemical Safety
• Electrical Safety
• Office

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Fire

• combustible materials used for partitions,
  fixtures and furniture increase the fire loading
  in the premises. Due to the lack of proper
  maintenance and carelessness of staff, fire would
  be easily occurred.
• common causes of fire
• smoking materials left unattended
• use of flammable liquid and dangerous substances
• electrical fire due to short circuit or
  overloading of electrical apparatuses
• mishandling or naked flame (e.g. lighters,
  matches,candles etc)
• arson
• obstruction in means of escape

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Fire

• Fire prevention
• smoking materials
• use of electrical equipment
• use of flammable liquids
• good housekeeping
• maintenance of Fire Services Installation and
  Equipment (FSI)

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Safety in Lifting operation

• Life appliance
• crab, winch, teagle, pulley block, crane,
  sheerlegs, excavators, pile driver, pile
  extractor, dragline, aerial ropeway, aerial
  cable-way transporter, overhead runaway
• lifting gear
• chain sling, ring, link, hook, plate clamp,
  shackle, swivel/eyebolt

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Safety in Lifting operation

• causes of lifting accidents
• lack of training
• poor maintenance
• correct plant and equipment not available
• misuse of plant and equipment
• hurry to get the job done

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Machinery Safety

• Hazards associated with machines
• traps
• impact
• contact
• entanglement
• ejection
• Provision of effective machine layout
• spacing
• lighting
• cables and pipes
• ergonomics

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Machinery Safety

• machine layout
• spacing to facilitate access of operation,
  supervision, maintenance, adjustment and cleaning
• lighting general and local (for specific
  operations)
• cable and pipes to allow safe access and to
  avoid tripping, with sufficient headroom
• ergonomics provision of seating, correct placing
  of controls, positioning of operating stations
  and height of work tables

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Working at Heights

• works at height - definition
• any person who is working at a level liable to
  fall a distance more than 2 meters
• examples
• fall of person due to collapse of scaffold or
  ladder
• fall from height
• fall from working platform, gangway, lift shaft
  and stairway
• falling objects

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Working at Heights

• provision of suitable measures
• safe use of scaffold
• provision of working platform, gangways and runs
• provision of guard rails
• safe use of ladders
• correct pitch (1 meter for every 4 m vertical
  height)
• when locate in doorway, have a man to look after
  the bottom of the ladder
• inspect ladder before use and regularly

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Chemical Safety

• Classification of dangerous substances
• explosive
• harmful
• flammable
• toxic
• corrosive
• oxidizing
• irritant

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Chemical Safety

• Steps to reduce risk
• labels on containers and receptacles
• planning for chemical safety
• identification of the hazard to be controlled
• assessment of the risk
• control of the risk
• training of staff
• monitoring the effectiveness of the strategy
• necessary record-keeping

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Electrical Safety

• Hazards
• electrical shock
• arc eyes
• ignition of combustible materials
• overheating and damage to equipment
• electrical explosion

• causes
• damaged insulation
• inadequate systems of work
• inadequate over current protection (e.g.. fuse,
  CB)
• inadequate earthing
• carelessness
• loose contacts and connectors
• unprotect connectors
• poor maintenance and testing

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Electrical Shock

• Received when current passes through the body
• Severity of the shock depends on
• Path of current through the body
• Amount of current flowing through the body
  (Currents greater than 75 mA)
• Length of time the body is in the circuit

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Recognize the Hazards
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Recognize the Hazards

Stay at least 10 feet away from overhead lines
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Office Potential Risk in office

• Visible Risk
• Working with computer
• Occupational Safety and Health (Display Screen
  Equipment) Regulation
• Personal Health
• Poor Working Condition
• temperature, air quality, sound level, lighting
• Invisible
• Work pressure

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Common Office Safety and Health Hazards
Whats Wrong Here?
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VDT Work Positions in Office
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VDT Work Positions in Office
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Common Causes of Back Injuries

• Twisting at the
• waist while
• lifting or
• holding a heavy
• load . . . this
• frequently happens
• when using a shovel.

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Common Causes of Back Injuries

• Lifting or carrying
• objects with awkward
• or odd shapes . . . .

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Common Causes of Back Injuries

• Sitting or standing too long in
• one position ... Sitting can be
• very hard on the lower back ...

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Common Causes of Back Injuries

• It is also possible
• to injure your
• back slipping on
• a wet floor or ice . . .

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Things You Can Do

• Minimize problems with your back by exercises
  that tone the muscles in your back, hips and
  thighs.
• Before beginning any exercise program, you should
  check with your doctor

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Exercise!

• Exercise regularly, every other day.
• Warm up slowly . . . A brisk walk is a good way
  to warm up
• Inhale deeply before each repetition of an
  exercise and exhale when performing each
  repetition.

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Safety Suggestions

• Safety can be achieved at reasonable cost
• Do it right at the first time or you have to pay
  more
• Safety is everyones responsibility
• Safety requires management support
• Safety is a culture not just a movement

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PPE
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
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EYE PROTECTION
Eye protection comes in different types. Goggles
are designed for solid or liquid hazards that are
airborne and in a quantity that there is a
greater likelihood of contact with or near the
eye. Safety eyeglasses with protective side
shields are designed for eye protection when the
hazard is more casual by nature and the hazard(s)
is of low quantity and likelihood.
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EYE PROTECTION
Eyes may need protection from hazards other than
those that include a physical contact with the
eye. For example, UV light can cause permanent
damage to vision.
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EYE / FACE PROTECTION
For more severe hazards, full face protection is
needed. Examples of this are heavy grinding and
heavy spraying or splashing. The full face
shield not only protects the eyes, but the entire
facial area as well. The face shield affords
extra protection against hazards involving
temperature extremes or hazardous chemicals. Due
to the wide opening on the sides and bottom of
the face shield, protective eyewear must be worn
along with the face shield.
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HEAD PROTECTION
Hard hats are necessary to protect workers
against hazards that include falling objects and
overhead hazards in general. There are different
types of hard hats. Some hats are designed to
protect only against bumps (low overhead
hazards), while others afford protection against
falling objects. Metal hard hats should not be
worn when there is a potential for contact with
anything electrical. Hard hats must conform with
the requirements of ANSI Z89.1-1986. Check the
label on the hat for compliance with this
standard.
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FOOT PROTECTION
Proper footwear can afford a level of protection
for the feet and toes. Steel-toed boots or shoes
protect toes against the crushing hazard of
falling objects, such involved with pipe moving
or heavy material handling. Rubber boots protect
the feet against chemical hazards. For chemical
hazards, check with your MSDS. Footwear should
also be selected based on protection from the
walking/working surface. Construction sites with
nails, or rough terrain including sharp rocks
will require shoes or boots with sturdy,
puncture-resistant soles.
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OTHER PROTECTION
Respiratory and hearing protection, if required,
will be covered separately. A specific policy
will be provided for each/either if the use of
this protective equipment is required.
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A Brief Guide to the Occupational Safety and
Health Ordinance

• Purposes of the Ordinance
• General Duties of Employers
• Duties of Occupier of Premises
• Duties of Employees 
• Duties of Person Responsible for a Workplace

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Purposes of the Ordinance

• To ensure the safety and health of employees when
  they are at work
• To prescribe measures that will make the
  workplaces of employees safer and healthier for
  them
• To improve the safety and health standards
  applicable to certain hazardous processes, plant
  and substances used or kept in workplaces And.
• To improve the safety and health aspects of
  working environments of employees.

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General Duties of Employers

• Provide and maintain plant and system of work
  that are safe and without risks to health
• Make arrangements for ensuring safety and absence
  of risks to health in connection with the use,
  handling, storage or transport of plant or
  substances
• Provide information, instruction, training and
  supervision as may be necessary to ensure the
  safety and health at work
• Maintain workplace including the means of access
  to and egress from the workplace in a condition
  that is safe and without risks to health And 
• Provide and maintain workplace and working
  environment that are safe and without risks to
  health. 

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Duties of Occupier of Premises

• To ensure that the premises, the means of access
  to and egress from the premises and any plant or
  substances kept at the premises are safe and
  without risks to health. 

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Duties of Employees 

• Take care for the safety and health of himself
  and of other persons who are at the workplace.
• Co-operate with employer or other person so far
  as may be necessary to enable safety and health
  requirements are complied with.
• do not damage or obstruct means of escape from a
  workplace.
• do not damage or interfere with fire safety
  measures.
• use the mechanical aid and protective equipment
  provided by the employer for use in manual
  handling operations and conform to the system of
  work and work practices established by the
  employer for these operations.

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EMPLOYEE RIGHTS

• as far as possible, to have any risks to your
  health and safety properly controlled
• to be provided, free of charge, with any personal
  protective and safety equipment
• if you have reasonable concerns about your
  safety, to stop work and leave your work area,
  without being disciplined
• to tell your employer about any health and safety
  concerns you have
• to get in touch with the Health and Safety
  Executive (HSE) or your local authority if your
  employer won't listen to your concerns, without
  being disciplined
• to have rest breaks during the working day, to
  have time off from work during the working week,
  and to have annual paid holiday

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EMPLOYEE RESPONSIBILITIES

• RESPONSIBILITY to comply with all policies and
  procedures
• RESPONSIBILITY to report all unsafe acts and
  conditions
• RESPONSIBILITY to be a team member - to assist
  others in compliance
• RESPONSIBILITY to offer suggestions that may have
  a positive impact on safety

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Duties of Person Responsible for a Workplace

• Accident Prevention
• Fire Precautions
• Workplace Environments
• Hygiene at Workplaces
• First Aid at Workplaces
• Manual Handling Operations
• Risk assessment
• Preventive and protective measures

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Penalty

• Employee
• maximum fine of 50,000 and 6 months'
  imprisonment.
• The person responsible for a workplace
• maximum fine of 200,000 and 12 months'
  imprisonment.