Sustainable Development: Critical Issues OECD

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• Sustainable Development
  Critical Issues (OECD)
• Energy and Equity (Ivan Illich)
• Presenter Vo Dinh Long
• 13 June 2002, Room 224,
• Engineering Building 2
• Graduate School of Frontier Sciences
• THE UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO

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• Sustainable Development
  Critical Issues (OECD)
• 1.1 Sustainable development
• Development path along which the maximization of
  human well-being for todays generations does not
  lead to declines in future well-being.

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• Require
• Eliminating negative externalities that cause for
  natural resources depletion and Environmental
  degradation
• Securing public goods that are essential for
  economic development

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• What sustainable development concerns about?
• Human welfare entails
• Balancing the goals economic efficiency, social
  development and environmental protection
• Consequences of todays activities and global
  cooperation.

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• 1.2 Are we on a sustainable path?
• The answer is No. Because
• Imbalance between producers and consumers
• Failing to share the benefits of economic growth
  between individuals
• Biodiversity loss, water scarcity and
  over-exploitation of marine resources
• Risk of regeneration capacity of renewable
  resources
• Overloading of environment.

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• 1.3 Policies are needed in OECD countries
• Making markets for sustainable development
• Price right
• Regulation to meet the environmental goals
• Market based instruments
• Environmental tax (pollutant emission, the use of
  natural resource)
• Markets for natural resources and pollution
  control

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Harnessing science and technology -Providing
the right incentives to innovators and users of
technology - Government can ensure that
sustainable development priorities are adequately
reflected in basic research and involve experts
from different research and private sector.
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• Strengthening decision-making
• Credible mechanisms for reporting the outcomes of
  policy decision and for fostering accountability
  of results
• Coherent across government departments and levels
  of governments
• Transparent and inclusive approach to decision
  making

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• 1.4 Integrating sustainability goals
• Energy
• - Greenhouse gas emission (COx, NOx, SOx,
  volatile organic compounds
• Energy price hikes (of the 1970s and early 1980s)
• Increase in world energy consumption
• Challenges for energy policy is that of
  reducing the environmental cost

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• Transport
• Better integrate of transport
• Transport taxes and charges
• More fuel efficient vehicles
• Transport infrastructure improvements
• Reducing energy consumption and emissions

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• Agriculture
• Mention on pollution charges to correct
  environmental damage cause by agriculture
• Markets establishment to compensate farmers for
  extra costs incurred when providing public goods
• Agricultural knowledge system through sustainable
  methods

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• 1.5 Reforms needed
• Shift political priorities from the local and
  national levels to the regional and global ones
• Environmental and social safeguard
• Trade and investigation agreements
• Private sector

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• 1.6 Key priorities for action
• Property rights based approaches
• Financial incentives
• Improve resources efficiency and reduce wastes.

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• 2 Energy and Equity (Ivan Illich)
• The energy crisis
• Facts
• Societies are still free from setting their
  energy policies
• Energy use and social relations Equity?
• Energy usage and economic development?
• Shortage of natural resources

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• Five Stages of the Energy Crisis
• U.S. oil production could no longer keep pace
  with demand. Reliance on OPEC
• 1972 OPEC price hikes.
• Mid 70s Crisis subdued, energy once again
  became plentiful. A failure to rethink demand!
• 1979 Iran cuts off oil supply. Made the public
  angry and bitter. Simultaneous inflation and
  stagflation.
• Ronald Reagan OPEC was not able to keep some
  members from overproducing. Prices dropped.

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• Results
• Greenhouse forcing and Global warming is harmful
  to health
• The inadequacy address the magnitude of the
  climate problems
• World production of oil is expected to peak by
  2010 and then begin to decline
• The governments slowness in replacing energy
  sources and prevention of "outside-the-box"
  energy inventions from gaining recognition
• Unsustainable use of fossil fuels

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• The Industrialization of traffic
• Energy is used to move people
• Energy fed into the transportation system
• Using energy to produce means of transportation.

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• Speed-stunned Imagination
• Travel some place to another is needed
• Means of transport, time scarcity, road
  conditions, speed, habitual of passengers, and so
  on

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• Net transfer of life-time
• People now spend more time on more trips compare
  to previous generation (need more energy).
• Traffic on the streets seem to force each other
• Change the means of transportation (bicycles,
  motorbikes, then cars, trains, airplanes..)
  leaded to the change of energy usage.

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• The effectiveness of acceleration
• Value of time measured in money or in length of
  trips
• Cost of energy use for transport
• Cost of protecting areas from noise, pollution
  and danger to life must be mentioned

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• The radical monopoly of industry
• Transport stands for the capital-intensive mode
  of traffic. Transport is the product of an
  industry whose clients are passengers.
• Transit indicates the labor-intensive mode. It is
  an industrial commodity and therefore scarce by
  definition

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• Degree of self-powered mobility
• Ex. Bicycles
• Man on a bicycle can go three or four times
  faster than the pedestrian, but uses five times
  less energy in the process
• Bicycles are not only thermodynamically
  efficient, they are also cheap.
• The bicycles also uses little space
• Let people move with greater speed without
  putting undue claim on the schedules, energy, or
  space of others.

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Subsidiary motors - Subsidy for motors which use
less energy - Eco labeling for motors that
harmless to the environment (minimize emission) -
Promoting public ownership of means of
transportation.
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Conclusion - Sustainable development is needed
for retaining the flexibility to respond to
future shocks.