Northern Humanism, Northern Renaissance, Religious Reformations, and Late Mannerism

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Northern Humanism, Northern Renaissance,
Religious Reformations, and Late Mannerism

• 1500-1603

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Focus of Chapter

• Northern Humanism - Inspired by both Classical
  studies and Late Medieval lay piety.
• Reformation
• Counter-Reformation
• Late Mannerism

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Northern Humanism

• Study of Christian writings and Greco-Roman
  classics
• Emphasis on simplicity and Christs teachings
• Rabelais French humanist
• Marguerite of Angouleme
• Erasmus most influential humanist of the
  period. Author of The Praise of Folly

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The Northern Renaissance

• The culture of sixteenth century Northern Europe
• Northern Renaissance literature
• Montaigne Essays
• Shakespeare Renaissance and Mannerist plays

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Northern Renaissance Painting

• Influence of Protestant Reformation on painting
• Secular subjects

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Durer

• Paintings (portraits) and engravings

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Durer
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Durer
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Durer
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Durer
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Grunewald

• Isenheim Altarpiece

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Bosch
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Peter Bruegel
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Bruegel
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The Protestant Reformation

• Causes
• Radical reshaping of Western society
• Spiritual yearnings of human beings
• Historical trends occurring during the Middle
  Ages
• Corruption and abuses in the church
• Rise of sovereign states
• Decay of medieval thought
• Revival of humanism

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Luther

• In 1517, published his Ninety-five Theses against
  sale of indulgences, the sacraments, and
  authority of the pope
• In 1520 Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther
• Luthers beliefs
• Salvation comes from Gods grace, not good works
• Sole source of authority was the Bible, not Pope
• Retained only two sacraments baptism and
  communion
• Translated Bible into vernacular
• Married Katherine von Bora

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Luther
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Calvin

• Institutes of the Christian Religion
• Belief in predestination
• Government subordinate to the state
• Calvinism was the most international of the new
  sects

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John Calvin
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The Reform of the English Church

• In 1529, King Henry VIII asked the pope to annul
  his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, who failed
  to produce a male heir
• When the pope denied his request, Henry declared
  himself head of the Church of England
• Anglican beliefs are summarized in the
  Thirty-nine Articles
• Elizabeth became queen and head of the English
  Church.

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King Henry VIII
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Queen Elizabeth
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The Counter Reformation

• Roman Catholic Reform Movement
• Three fronts
• Reformed papacy
• New Monastic Orders
• Council of Trent
• Churchs unyielding position

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Late Mannerism and the Baroque

• Influenced by the Counter-Reformation
• Arts and music should be accessible to everyone
• Sole aim of art was to serve the Church
• A simplified art that spoke to the masses
• This didnt happen until the Baroque Period
• Late Mannerist art was too complex

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El Greco

• His paintings embody the spirit of Late Mannerism
• Spanish
• Spiritual vision
• Elongated bodies, sharp lines, luminous colors

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El Greco
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El Greco
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El Greco
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El Greco
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Tintoretto

• Feverish, emotional style
• Last Supper

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Tintoretto
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Tintoretto
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Extra Credit Assignments for this Chapter

• Read Erasmus, In Praise of Folly and write a
  response
• Read Luthers Ninety-Five Theses and write a
  response
• Read Hamlet or watch a version of Hamlet and
  write a response

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Required Assignments for this chapter

• Watch Luther DVD and write a response