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What Were the Crusades

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What Were the Crusades? A series of military expeditions from Western Europe. Launched by Popes. Originally directed at reconquering the Holy Land. Lasted from 1095 to ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: What Were the Crusades


1
What Were the Crusades?
  • A series of military expeditions from Western
    Europe
  • Launched by Popes
  • Originally directed at reconquering the Holy Land
  • Later included other goals like elimination of
    heretics, reconquest of Spain, and consolidation
    of Papal States
  • Lasted from 1095 to as late as 1798

2
Importance of the Crusades
  • Continuing influence on global politics
  • Islamic anger and Christian guilt

3
Political Background
  • Original extent of Christian lands
  • Original conquest by Islam
  • Stated global aspirations of Islam

4
Sword Passages in Islam
  • Quran Sura 929-31 "Fight those who believe
    not in God nor the last day, nor hold that
    forbidden which hath been forbidden by God and
    His Apostle, nor acknowledge the religion of
    truth, (even if they are) of the people of the
    Book, until they pay the jizya with willing
    submission, and feel themselves subdued.
  • The Hadeeth Ibn Haban in his Sahih, vol. 14, p.
    529, narrates Muhammad said I swear by Him who
    has my soul in his hands, I was sent to you with
    nothing but slaughter.
  • Quran Sura 95 But when the forbidden months
    are past, then fight and slay the pagans wherever
    ye find them, and seize them, beleaguer them, and
    lie in wait for them in every stratagem (of war)
    but if they repent, and establish regular Prayers
    and practise regular Charity, then open the way
    for them

5
Peace Passages
  • Sura 1091,2,6 "Say, O ye that reject faith! I
    worship not that which ye worship... To you be
    your way, and to me mine.
  • Sura 4388,89 "(God has knowledge) of the
    (Prophet's) cry, O my Lord! Truly these are a
    people who will not believe! But turn away from
    them, and say, Peace!
  • Sura 6726 "Say ...I am (sent) only to warn
    plainly in public."

6
Who Went?
  • EVERYONE
  • An extension of the pilgrimage movement
  • Peasants' Crusade
  • Shepards' Crusade
  • Military Crusaders--knights along with support
    staff, infantrymen, etc.
  • Kings and great lords were the leaders

7
Motives
  • Not usually greed crusading was actually an
    extremely expensive business, though there was
    some chance of booty or a gain of lands
  • Piety
  • Indulgences
  • Social pressure

8
Crusader Behavior
  • As with all armies of their time, the Crusaders
    were ruthless, rapacious, and bloodthirsty in
    dealing with conquered peoples
  • When a city fell, many of the inhabitants would
    be put to the sword and all valuables would be
    looted
  • The Crusaders were also troublesome to lands they
    passed through on their way, often stealing
    provisions and causing problems
  • Jews were often persecuted and their money taken
    to help fund the armies

9
First Crusade
  • Launched by Pope Urban II in 1095
  • Included the disastrous Peasants' Crusade
  • Captured Antioch, Edessa, Jerusalem, and
    neighboring areas against high odds
  • Established the Crusader States

10
Second Crusade
  • Triggered by loss of Edessa in 1144
  • A 3-pronged Crusade was planned against Edessa in
    the Holy Land, the Moors in Spain, and the pagan
    Wendish tribes in Germany
  • Successful advances were made in Spain
  • Holy Land armies partly melted away en route, and
    the remaining army of about 50,000 was
    disastrously defeated attempting to capture
    Damascus

11
Third Crusade
  • The Muslim armies of Saladin reconquered most of
    the Latin East including Jerusalem
  • A German army led by Emperor Frederick arrived at
    the Holy Land in good order but disintigrated
    upon Fredericks death in a swimming accident
  • Richard the Lionheart ammassed a large Crusading
    treasury partly by selling nearly all he had, he
    was joined by King Phillip of France in a fragile
    alliance
  • Richard eventually reached the Holy Land and had
    several military successes, but failed to
    recapture Jerusalem

12
Fourth Crusade
  • Begun by Pope Innocent III with the singular goal
    of recapturing Jerusalem in 1204
  • Armies were diverted en route through logistical
    failures and the intrigues of the Venetian state
  • Against the orders of the Pope, the armies ended
    up sacking Constantinople
  • Establishment of the Latin Emperors in
    Constantinople
  • Cemented the East-West schism in the Church
  • No move on Jerusalem was made

13
Fifth Crusade
  • Preached in 1213 by Pope Innocent III
  • A Christian naval fleet arrived at Egyptian city
    of Damietta and captured it, but was defeated on
    the road to Cairo and subsequently lost Damietta
  • Emperor Frederick of Germany arrived in the Holy
    Land by a different route and, through a bluff
    and show of force succeeded in negotiating the
    surrender of Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and Nazareth

14
Eventual Defeat of the Crusades
  • Crusades continued to occur for centuries
  • Greeks reconquered Constantinople in 1261, then
    it fell to the Muslim Turks in 1453
  • Jerusalem was lost for the final time in 1244
  • All the Crusader States were eventually defeated
  • Spain, however, was fully re-conquered and held
    by Christians

15
Discussion Questions
  • Do you feel that the Crusades were justified? All
    of them? Some of them?
  • Is there a "statute of limitations" on
    justifiable re-conquering of conquered territory?
    That is, most people agree that it was just in
    World War Two for the Allies to liberate France
    from Germany with the use of force. Would this
    still have been true if we had waited 50 years?
    300 years? Is the "statute of limitations"
    dependent on ability? That is, would it have been
    OK to wait 50 years if military reality demanded
    it?
  • What creates a just claim to ownership/rulership
    of an area of land or a country? Is there any
    such thing, or is it all simply the use of force?
    Examples to consider does the US have a just
    claim to land we occupy? How about the
    Israli/Palestinian conflicting claims?
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