ANCIENT GREEKS 700500

1
ANCIENT GREEKS 700-500

• Development of the polis
• Age of Colonization
• Age of Tyrants
• Age of Law-givers
• Lyric Age
• Ionian Rationalism

2
Development of the Polis

• Agora
• Temples
• Gymnasium
• Acropolis
• Citizenship
• Public works

3
Agora and Acropolis
4
(No Transcript)
5
AGE OF COLONIZATION

• Began in the early 8th century B.C.E as small
  exploratory expeditions funded by wealthy
  aristocrats in search of metals
• Continued with rise of population to found
  agricultural settlements
• Brought the Greeks into contact with other
  cultures and established networks for trade and
  eventually, mercenary service

6
(No Transcript)
7
Tyranny

• Increase in wealth from trade and
  colonization resulted in tyranny due to increase
  of armed men
• Civil strife between aristocratic factions as
  well as newly armed men wanting more share in
  government would culminate in one aristocrat
  using armed mobs as militia to become dictator
• Tyrants secured their power through force and
  large-scale public works and the minting of coins
• Peisistratus taxes, exports, theater, homer,
  juries

8
Hoplite Phalanx
9
(No Transcript)
10
Age of Law-givers

• Written laws prevented arbitrary decrees by
  the few in power
• Eupatridae and Drakon
• Solon property and participation
• Freed land enslaved by horoi
• Freed debt-slaves
• Established system of property classes
• Turned Athens from Aristocracy to an oligarchy

11
LYRIC AND ELEGIAC POETRY

• Subject matter shifts from epic glorification
  of past events to personal experiences and
  attitudes of the poet
• Reflects concerns of Greek aristocrats in
  response to the development of the polis
• Rise of individualism and realism
• Political and social critique

12
(No Transcript)
13
Ionian Rationalism

• Greeks learned through contact with more
  established Near Eastern civilizations
• Egyptian and Babylonian astronomy and medicine
  influenced Greek desire to explain the world
  rationally and through observation
• Physiologoi (Pre-Socratics) those who inquiry
  into the nature of things
• Logographoi, periploi, history

14
(No Transcript)
15
Herodotus

• Father of History
• Reconstructs the past in prose writing by
  presenting evidence, judging its reliability,
  with a view to explaining reasons why events
  occurred
• Herodotus Histories is both a historical and an
  ethnographic account of the historical
  developments leading to and culminating in the
  Persian Wars
• Nomos
• Instability of human fortune, reciprocity

16
(No Transcript)
17
Persian Wars 499-449 B.C.E.

• Defining event in the development of Greek
  national identity and rise of Golden Age
• Ionian revolt
• Persian sponsorship of Greek tyrants
• Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea
• Aftermath established Athens and Sparta as the
  two greatest powers of Greece

18
(No Transcript)
19
(No Transcript)
20
ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY

• Cleisthenes established democracy
• Re-organized and registered the population
  according to residential rather than kinship
  divisions
• All Athenian males were equal citizens of the
  states
• All citizens participated equally in assemblies
• Members from each regional division were chosen
  by lot to represent their residence in the
  council of 500 regularly
• Council proposed legal decrees to be voted on by
  the assembly
• Law courts and jury duty

21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
Golden Age of Athens 448-404 B.C.E

• Inclusion of the thetes into public office
• Equality of speech in the assembly
• Public services for the poor
• All public offices that did not require expertise
  were distributed by lot
• Athenian Imperialism
• Athenian navy
• Acropolis
• Theater
• Philosophy, Rhetoric, and History
• Architecture, Sculpture, and Painting

24
Acropolis
25
(No Transcript)
26
(No Transcript)
27
Parthenon
28
(No Transcript)
29
Thucydides

• Singular focus on the Peloponnesian War
• Realpolitik
• Political relations based on the ability to
  enforce ones will rather than justice the
  strong do what they can and the weak suffer what
  they must
• Political history reveals eternal truths about
  human nature to be utilized by future generations
• Dialectical account

30
Peloponnesian Wars

• Athens and Sparta struggle to dominate Greece
• Delian League and the Athenian Empire
• Sparta and the Peloponnesian League
• Persian gold
• Alcibiades
• Sicilian Expedition, Aegospotamoi
• Athenian defeat and end of the Golden Age
• Overall instability in the Greek world allowing
  for eventual conquest by Macedonian Philip II