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Title: The Cardiovascular System: The Blood Chapter 18 Lecture Notes


1
The Cardiovascular System The BloodChapter 18
Lecture Notes
  • to accompany
  • Anatomy and Physiology From Science to Life
  • textbook by
  • Gail Jenkins, Christopher Kemnitz, Gerard Tortora

2
Chapter Overview
  • 18.1 Blood Anatomy and Physiology
  • 18.2 Hemopoiesis
  • 18.3 Mature Red Blood Cells
  • 18.4 RBC Life Cycle
  • 18.5 Erythropoiesis
  • 18.6 Blood Groups
  • 18.7 White Blood Cells
  • 18.8 Platelets
  • 18.9 Hemostasis

3
Essential Terms
  • plasma
  • liquid portion of blood
  • formed elements
  • cells and cell fragments of blood
  • RBC
  • red blood cell
  • WBC
  • white blood cells or leukocytes
  • hemopoiesis
  • blood cell production
  • pluripotent stem cell
  • cells with capacity to develop into several types
    of cells

4
Introduction
  • Cardiovascular system consists of three
    interrelated components
  • blood
  • heart
  • blood vessels
  • Blood is connective tissue with liquid portion
    (plasma) and cell and cell fragments portion
    (formed elements)
  • RBCs carry oxygen
  • WBCs function in immunity

5
Concept 18.1Anatomy and Physiology of Blood
6
Functions of Blood
  • Transportation
  • oxygen from lungs to body tissues
  • metabolic wastes from tissues to lungs, kidneys,
    and liver
  • nutrients from GI tract to body cells
  • hormones
  • Regulation
  • pH via buffers
  • body temperature
  • Protection
  • blood loss
  • immunity and immune responses

7
Physical Characteristics of Blood
  • more viscous than water
  • temperature about 1 degree celcius higher than
    oral or rectal body temperature
  • alkaline pH (7.35 to 7.45)
  • 8 of total body weight
  • 5-6 L in adult male
  • 4-5 L in adult female

8
Components of Blood
  • 45 formed elements
  • 99 are RBCs
  • 1 WBCs and platelets
  • 55 blood plasma

9
Figure 18.1a
10
Figure 18.1b
11
Blood Plasma
  • 91.5 water
  • 7 proteins
  • synthesized mainly by hepatocytes
  • most plentiful is albumin 54 of all proteins
  • helps maintain blood osmotic pressure
  • globulins 38 of all proteins
  • antibodies or immunoglobulins
  • fibrinogen 7 of all proteins
  • key component of blood clots
  • 1.5 solutes other than proteins
  • electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory
    substances, vitamins, and waste products

12
Table 18.1 pt 1
13
Table 18.1 pt 2
14
Formed Elements
  • Living cells
  • RBCs
  • WBC
  • neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils,
    basophils
  • Cell Fragments
  • platelets
  • Hematocrit
  • relative percent of RBCs to total blood volume

15
Formed Elements
  • Erythropoietin
  • hormone that stimulates RBC production
  • anemia abnormally low hematocrit
  • polycythemia abnormally high hematocrit

16
Concept 18.2 Hemopoiesis
17
Hemopoiesis
  • process by which formed elements develop
  • before birth occurs in liver, spleen, thymus,
    lymph nodes of fetus
  • last trimester and beyond occurs in red bone
    marrow
  • red bone marrow found in spaces between
    trabeculae of spongy bone
  • 0.05-0.1 of red bone marrow are pluripotent stem
    cells

18
Figure 18.3
19
Concept 18.3 Mature Red Blood Cells
20
Erythrocytes
  • contain hemoglobin
  • adult males have 5.4 million RBCs per
    microliter of whole blood
  • adult females have 4.8 million RBCs per
    microliter of whole blood
  • one drop of blood is 50 microliters
  • mature blood cells leave marrow at rate of 2
    million per second
  • same rate they are destroyed

21
RBC Anatomy
  • biconcave on disks
  • 8 microliters diameter
  • lack a nucleus and other organelles
  • cannot reproduce
  • essentially consist of a plasma membrane,
    cytosol, and hemoglobin
  • each contains about 280 million hemoglobin
    molecules
  • lack mitochondria

22
Figure 18.4a
23
Figure 18.4b
24
Figure 18.4c
25
RBC Physiology
  • all internal space is available for oxygen
    transport
  • generate ATP anaerobically
  • dont use any oxygen
  • hemoglobin
  • globin (protein) pigment protein called heme
    with iron ion in center where oxygen is
    transported
  • also transports about 13 of total carbon dioxide

26
Concept 18.4 RBC Life Cycle
27
Figure 18.5
28
Concept 18.5 Erythropoiesis
29
Erythropoiesis
  • production of RBCs
  • proerythroblast divides and develops to eject
    nucleus becoming a reticulocyte
  • only 34 hemoglobin
  • contain some mitochondria
  • ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
  • usually develop into erythrocytes within 1 to 2
    days after release for bone marrow

30
Figure 18.6
31
Concept 18.6 Blood Groups
32
ABO Blood Groups
  • Antigen A on RBCs of people with type A blood
  • anti B antibody in plasma
  • Antigen B on blood cells of people with type B
    blood
  • anti A antibody in plasma
  • Antigen A and Antigen B on RBCs of people with
    type AB blood
  • neither antibody in plasma
  • Neither antigen is on RBCs of people with type O
    blood
  • anti A and anti B antibodies in plasma

33
Figure 18.7
34
Rh Blood Group
  • antigen first discovered in blood of rhesus
    monkey
  • Rh have antigen
  • Rh- do not have antigen
  • no anti Rh antibodies until exposed to Rh blood

35
Table 18.2
36
Transfusions
  • whole blood
  • blood components
  • RBCs
  • plasma
  • if incompatible the antigens causing hemolysis of
    donated cells and to a much lesser extent
    hemolysis of recipients RBCs (type A and B only)

37
Table 18.3
38
Concept 18.7 White Blood Cells
39
WBCs or Leukocytes
  • have a nucleus and do not contain hemoglobin
  • either granular or agranular
  • granular
  • neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
  • agranular
  • lymphocytes, monocytes

40
Figure 18.3
41
Granular Leukocytes
  • eosinophils
  • combat effects of histamine and other
    inflammatory and allergic responses
  • phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and some
    parasitic worms
  • basophils
  • release heparin, histamine, and serotonin
  • intensifying inflammatory response
  • involved in hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions
  • neutrophils
  • antibiotic activity against bacteria and fungi
  • release lysozyme, strong oxidants, and defensins

42
Agranular Leukocytes
  • monocytes
  • develop into macrophages and phagocytize microbes
  • clean up cellular debris following an infection
  • lymphocytes
  • B cells
  • differentiate into cells that produce antibodies
  • T cells
  • attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells,
    cancers, some bacteria, some allergic reactions
  • natural killer cells
  • attack wide variety of infectious microbes and
    certain spontaneously arising tumor cells

43
WBC Life Span
  • most live only a few days
  • during infection some live only a few hours
  • some B and T cells can live for years
  • differential WBC count
  • can distinguish between viral, bacterial,
    parasitic infections, allergies

44
Table 18.4
45
Concept 18.8 Platelets
46
Platelets
  • also known as thrombocytes
  • fragment of a megakaryoblast
  • fragments into 2000-3000 parts and then leave
    marrow to enter blood
  • between 150,000-400,000 per each 1 microliter of
    blood
  • function to stop bleeding by forming a plug

47
Table 18.5
48
Concept 18.9 Hemostasis
49
Hemostasis
  • sequence of responses that stops bleeding
  • must be quick, localized, and carefully
    controlled
  • vascular spasm
  • smooth muscle contracts immediately after damage
  • platelet plug formation
  • Fig. 18.10
  • blood clotting
  • Fig. 18.11 and 18.12

50
Fig. 18.10 pt 1
51
Fig. 18.10 pt 2
52
Fig. 18.10 pt 3
53
Fig. 18.11a
54
Fig. 18.11b
55
Fig. 18.11c
56
Fig. 18.11d
57
Fig. 18.12
58
Extrinsic Pathway
  • clotting occurs rapidly
  • within seconds if trauma severe
  • tissue factor leaked into blood from outside
    blood vessels
  • eventually converted to prothrombinase
  • uses calcium

59
Intrinsic Pathway
  • occurs slowly
  • usually requires several minutes
  • activators in direct contact with blood or
    contained within blood
  • outside tissue damage not needed
  • uses calcium ions

60
Common Pathway
  • prothrombinase is formed
  • together with calcium ions converted to thrombin
  • thrombin converts fibrinogen to loose fibrin
    threads (insoluble) and stablizes them into
    sturdy clot
  • positive feedback cycle

61
Fig. 18.12
62
Clot Retraction
  • tightening of fibrin clot
  • platelets contract pulling edges of damaged
    vessel closer together
  • decreasing risk of further damage
  • fibroblasts begin forming connective tissue over
    ruptured area
  • new endothelial cells arise and vessel lining is
    repaired

63
End Chapter 18
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