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Title: Strategic Use in Context: AAC, Supported Conversation, and Group Therapy Interventions for People with Severe Aphasia


1
Strategic Use in Context AAC, Supported
Conversation, and Group Therapy Interventions
for People with Severe Aphasia
  • Kathryn L. Garrett, Ph.D., CCC-SLP
  • Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA USA
  • March 6th 7th, 2003
  • Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, UK

2
Day 1 Augmentative and Alternative
Communication Strategies for Individuals with
Aphasia
Completed
  • Morning
  • Introduction to AAC Strategies for People with
    Aphasia
  • Categories of Communicators
  • Afternoon
  • Categories of Communicators Cont.
  • Assessment
  • Group Activity

3
Day 2 -- Integrated Communication Approaches to
Individual and Group Aphasia Therapy
  • Morning
  • Introduction to Integrated Therapy Models
  • Pragmatic
  • Functional
  • Life Participation
  • Supported Conversation
  • Environmental Communication Therapy
  • Teaching Communicators to Use Communication
    Skills and Strategies in Meaningful Contexts
  • Individual Therapy
  • Afternoon
  • Aphasia Group Therapy
  • General Models/Other Models
  • Nebraska-Pittsburgh Model
  • Wrap-up and Discussion

4
Emphasis mostly on people with.
  • global aphasia
  • symbolic deficits across modalities cognitive
    decreases severe motor
  • severe aphasia with minimal expression
  • (Severe Brocas or TMA, some less global
    folks) but better comprehension than group 1
  • Individuals with a nonlinguistic disorder, such
    as perseveration or apraxia-of-speech,
  • that interferes with functional communication to
    such a degree that they function well below their
    linguistic ability levels

5
The purpose of these talks is.
6
Part III Assessment and Technique Selection
7
A. Goals of Assessment!
  • Identify underlying language and communication
    skills
  • With no context true aphasia impairment
    (standard aphasia tests)
  • With context functional ability
  • Match client skills to appropriate strategies
  • Criterion vs. Maximal Dx

8
B. AAC Strategy/Device Selection
Cognitive-Linguistic Considerations
  • What are
  • The cognitive-linguistic demands of requesting a
    blanket (patient in hospital)
  • The demands of talking about a movie with a
    friend?

9
In aphasia, its not as simple as...
  • Substituting a novel symbol set J
  • for an impaired language system
  • (Great, I have mail!)

10
  • Aphasia disrupts the automaticity of information
    processing and language use in general

And now add...
11
Additional Demands Posed by AAC Strategies
  • Physical Access (often nondominant limb)
  • Novel Symbol Translation Skills
  • Message Encoding Skills
  • Working Memory
  • Operational Skills for Technology
  • Metacommunicative Ability
  • To USE strategies in dynamic situations
  • To ID need to use alternative strategy

12
(No Transcript)
13
Were asking people with aphasia to complete a
METACOGNITIVE task when using many AAC
strategies especially those that dont involve
partner support
14
  • Aphasia disruption of the automaticity of the
    language/ communication process
  • AAC going outside of ones own language system
    to communicate______________________________
  • Clinical Challenge teaching people w/ aphasia
    to use strategies effectively and
    naturally

15
Group Analysis of
Access Symbol Skills Memory Metacognition
Call light Y if limb apraxia No Y min/mod Y - min
Yes/No board Y - min Y Y min Y - min
6-message VOCA to request/tell story Y - min Y Y - mod Y - mod
Written Choices No Y - min Yes - episodic No
Multi-level multisymbol VOCA Y - min Y - mod Max Max
16
What to do???
  • 1) Match AAC strategies to communicators,
    considering their abilities (cognitive, language,
    motor, visual) and needs
  • i.e., dont expect a basic choice communicator to
    initiate by pointing to a symbol-based VOCA
  • Dont ask someone who fits the profile of
    controlled situation communicator to combine
    symbols to create a novel sentence
  • Etc. etc.

17
  • 2) Teach strategy use
  • component by component
  • by modeling strategy use during real
    opportunities
  • by embedding use of strategies within real-life
    situations as you go

More to come on this approach to communication
therapy!
18
Discussion why arent AAC strategies always
quickly adopted and used successfully by people
with aphasia?
19
  • For a more detailed discussion of the
    cognitive-linguistic demands inherent in AAC and
    language-based communication activities, see
  • Garrett Kimelman (2000). AAC Aphasia
    Cognitive-linguistic considerations. In
    Beukelman, Yorkston, Reichle (Eds.) AAC for
    Adults with Acquired Disabilities.

20
Now, lets engage in a diagnostic process to help
us match appropriate AAC strategies to specific
communicators
21
C. Patient-based Capabilities Assessment
  • Garrett Beukelman's (1992) Categorical
    Assessment form (see attached)
  • Multimodal Screening tool symbol
    comprehension/association, use of multiple
    levels, message complexity symbol sequencing
    (attached)
  • Spelling/Writing screening (First letter, whole
    word, generative writing)
  • Standardized tools (RCBA, WAB subtests)
  • Assess what you can't see reading,
    comprehension
  • Look more carefully at decontextualized
    performance
  • System Trials

22
1. Categorical Form
  • Pp. and handout
  • Available from Garrett Beukelman AAC Medical
    Setting (1992) chapter
  • OR Beukelman Mirenda (1998) Aphasia Chapter

23
The goal
  • Differentiate between who requires
  • Partner support/prelinguistic
  • Partner support/emerging linguistic skills and
    intentionality
  • Self-initiated communication
  • Simple symbol systems
  • Complex symbol systems
  • Special adaptations for specific environments

24
2. Multimodal Communication Screening Test
Score form p. 35 or on-line at http//aac.unl.edu
25
The goal
  • Differentiate between who can
  • Use simple symbol systems to request
  • Symbols represented on multiple levels to
    request, describe.
  • Manipulate symbols to communicate alternate
    meanings
  • Switch between multiple modalities

26
3. Spelling screening
  • P. 34 and 35 of handout
  • Conduct as part of multimodal symbol assessment
    OR
  • Use 1st letter/whole word spelling inventory
    especially if the individual is indicating they
    would like to use a regular computer for most AAC
    needs

27
4. Vision screening
28
Video Illustration
  • Individual participating in multimodal assessment
  • Additional clips if time

29
D. Partner-based Assessment
  • 1. Assess their literacy (informally)
  • 2. Assess their vision and hearing skills
  • 3. Assess their ability to anticipate and
    provide opportunities (by watching them
    interact, trying strategies)

30
E. Communication Needs and Context Assessment
  • 1. Needs assessment see form p. 36
  • 2. Identify Environments and Potential
    Participation Activities
  • 3. Topics
  • 4. Messages and Vocabulary

31
1. NEEDS ASSESSMENT
32
2.Topics/Vocabulary/Message Inventory
  • See materials from Garrett, K., Beukelman, D.
    (1992) AAC in the Medical Setting. K. Yorkston,
    Ed. Communication Skill Builders.
  • See phrases from new book by Barbara Collier See
    what we say messages for adults. Brookes
    Publishing company.

33
Comment
  • Nice to invite families to complete this info
    gradually but steadily especially during
    acute/early phase of recovery.

34
Part IV Integrated Therapy Approaches
35
The issue
  • How do we enable people with aphasia to
    participate once again in meaningful life
    activities?
  • Teach communicators to use AAC and natural
    communication strategies in a purposeful and
    understandable manner?

36
My hypotheses re limited intervention outcomes
in this population

  • Individuals with severe aphasia are the least
    likely clients to generalize communication
    targets that are taught
  • in de-contextualized contexts
  • as products (e.g., sounds, symbols, words,
    gestures) vs. communication acts
  • Opportunities to use both AAC strategies and
    practiced speech targets must be embedded into
    contextual communication activities

37
This is not an entirely new philosophy
  • Lets discuss some of the current therapy models
    that provide support for delivering therapy in a
    more integrated manner.

38
A. Introduction to Wholistic Therapy Approaches
  • 1. Pragmatic Approach
  • 2. Functional Therapy Approach
  • 3. Life Participation Approach
  • 4. Supported Conversation
  • 5. Environmental Communication Therapy

39
The granola approaches.
40
1. Pragmatic Therapy Approach Promoting
Aphasics Communicative Effectiveness
(PACE)
  • a. History
  • Albyn Davis and Jeanne Wilcox promoted this
    approach in the 1980s.
  • Thought that goal of tx was to improve patients
    ability to communicate in natural conversations.
  • However, felt that tx approaches to date had not
    corresponded with this goal.
  • Felt area of pragmatics (just emerging at that
    time) supported this alternative approach.

41
  • b. Description
  • a formalized structure of interaction between the
    clinician and patient that incorporates elements
    of face-to-face conversation. Clinician and
    patient take turns sending new information to
    each other.

42
  • c. Research Basis
  • Philosophical work of Searle, etc.
  • Child pragmatics research (important to focus on
    USE of language, not just the FORM)
  • Some efficacy studies exist comparing pragmatic
    tx to other tx approaches

43
  • d. Populations
  • all communicators with aphasia however, must
    have some expressive ability and awareness of
    interactions.

44
  • e. Principles
  • 1) The clinician and patient participate equally
    as senders and receivers of messages
  • 2There is an exchange of new info this is done
    by keeping the senders message out of view of
    the receiver (pictures face down)
  • 3) Free choice of channels (any modality at any
    moment whatever works)

45
  • 4) natural feedback the clinicians feedback is
    based FIRST on communicative adequacy of the
    message. Only then may clinician provide
    feedback on the form of the message. Also,
    provide feedback in a sequence from general to
    specific.
  • 5) Emphasis is on the communication of meaning
    within a naturalistic context.

46
  • f. Selecting Treatment Stimuli
  • 1) Choose pictures that depict specific
    relationships for barrier communication
    tasks. Can buy some picture kits for this (see
    PACE kit, my pics)
  • 2) Design roleplays.

47
Sample P.A.C.E. Stimulus Pictures (Edelman, 1985).
48
  • g. Implementing the Treatment Task
  • see principles.
  • KG/student Demo
  • h. Feedback is supposed to be naturalistic (based
    on content) rather than direct correction of
    form.
  • i. Progress see scoring system on your handout.

49
  • j. Summary of this approach
  • Differs significantly from conventional
    stimulation approach
  • Communication target is NOT predetermined
  • Clinician is not in total control of output
  • Focus is on the adequate communication of
    intent/meaning
  • Elicits initiations as well as responses
  • 5-point scoring system can apply to verbal AND
    nonverbal behavior (see handout)
  • In terms of clinical implementation, is MORE
    structured than the general participation
    philosophy

50
2. Functional Approach
  • a. History - 1980s and 1990s.
  • Systems theory took hold rehab dollars became
    tighter.
  • b. Description
  • Any activity that seeks to improve the patients
    reception, processing, and use of information
    pertaining to daily activities, social
    interaction, and expression of current physical
    and psychological needs.
  • Some consider it task-focused

51
  • c. Research Basis
  • Audrey Holland, 1982, and others. Work from
    individuals with severe developmental
    disabilities was applied, too.
  • More efficacy research is surfacing all the time,
    but more difficult to measure because it is
    defined in many different ways.

52
  • d. Populations
  • communicators with aphasia who
  • can self-correct in some situations
  • arent below the 10th ile on the PICA,
  • can sustain attention

53
  • e. Principles
  • 1) aphasia is more than just a linguistic deficit
    also includes nonverbal communication, impact
    of environment
  • 2) Treatment of language is important, but in the
    context of working toward a functional goal
  • 3) First goal is to establish communication
    interchanges and reinforce all communication
    modes
  • 4) new and personally relevant information is
    preferred to arbitrary language exercises

54
  • 5) communication environments are natural ones
    (or as natural as possible)
  • 6) emphasis on reducing behaviors that block
    communication
  • 7) increase the frequency of patient
    communication first, then the accuracy of
    information exchange in later stages

55
  • f. Implementing the Treatment Task
  • 1) Eliminate Negative Communication Behaviors
    e.g., impulsive patients
  • have to wait, patients who fake understanding
    have to signal comprehension breakdowns, patients
    who dont initiate must try something.
  • 2) Establish a communicative set determine the
    best kind of cueing, the best modality for
    communication
  • 3) Target a specific level of discourse that is
    most appropriate for the client (conversational
    narrative, procedural)

56
  • 4) Work within a topic/theme
  • 5) Set up the situation so theres a meaningful
    communication goal with a real communication
    partner
  • 6) Train significant others

57
  • g. Measuring progress
  • Nothing specified.
  • Could use ASHA-FACS, etc., language samples,
    functional communication scales
  • h. Summary of this approach
  • Pros
  • Cons
  • With whom
  • When

58
3. Life Participation Approach
  • a.Historical Background
  • Consumer-driven service delivery approach
  • Believes the goal of aphasia therapy should be to
    help individuals achieve immediate and long term
    life goals
  • Developed by several highly experienced
    clinicians who were frustrated with a deficit
    only approach to tx (Chapey, Elman,
    Simmons-Mackie, Kagan, Lyon, Duchan).

59
  • Description
  • Life concerns are at the center of all decision
    making.
  • Consumer is encouraged to select and participate
    in recovery process to collaborate on the design
    of interventions that enable him/her to return to
    an active life.
  • Goal to reduce the consequences of disease by
    increasing life participation and reducing
    handicap.

60
  • c. Populations
  • All people with aphasia and their partners
  • anyone else affected by aphasia
  • d. Research Bases
  • derived from social models of human interaction
    and life satisfaction.
  • Now some data-based articles with outcomes out
    there too (See Lyon reference - handout)

61
  • e. Therapy Activities
  • identify important life activities (most have
    some type of communication component)
  • inventory how that person could participate more
    fully with therapy or supports
  • teach partners new skills
  • modify the environment
  • teach within and outside of the clinical
    environment

62
  • e. Measuring Effectiveness
  • Life satisfaction indices,
  • scales of well-being,
  • of activities
  • of hours engaged in meaningful communication
    and participation
  • depression scales, etc.

63
  • g .Other
  • developed in direct contrast to disability-driven
    therapy. (e.g., stimulation approaches).
  • Not fully accepted by some clinicians or funders,
    but Medicare etc. have made changes in this area.

64
Additional References
  • Lyon, J. (1996) Optimizing communication and
    participation in life settings for aphasic adults
    and their primary caregivers in natural settings
    A use model for treatment. In GL Wallace (Ed),
    Adult Aphasia Rehabilitation. Boston
    Butterwowrth-Heinemann, 1996 137-160.

65
4. Supported Conversation Approach (Aura Kagan,
Toronto)
  • a. History
  • Started by Pat Arato, spouse of a man with
    aphasia, in 1979, after his discharge from
    therapy. Originally called the Aphasia
    Centre-North York now the Pat Arato Aphasia
    Centre.
  • Aura Kagan is presently the director

66
  • b. Description
  • Communication involves partnerships
  • Partners must be taught to acknowledge and reveal
    the inherent competence of adults with aphasia
    within the framework of natural adult
    conversation
  • In the Pat Arato model, partners consist of
    community volunteers who gently facilitate group
    discussions
  • Conversational supports are techniques and
    resource materials that partners and people with
    aphasia can use to build a communication ramp
    to maximal/natural participation in conversation

67
  • Sample techniques include
  • Augmented input (drawing, writing key words, use
    of graphic contextual information)
  • Written choices
  • Cues to choose modalities
  • Cues to interpret vs. interrupt
  • Increasing pause time
  • Provide validation and feedback for communication
    effort and message content

68
  • c. Populations
  • All people with aphasia
  • Some join Introductory Groups (12 weeks)
  • Others participate in weekly activities
  • No time criterion post onset
  • Some people with aphasia on either end of the
    severity continuum may not be included, but this
    is relatively rare.
  • d. Research
  • Outcome measures are underway
  • Research basis for program is from social theory

69
  • e. Activities
  • Primarily group conversation, with some family
    counseling available as well. Referrals
    generated from the larger community of
    rehabilitation professionals.
  • Well discuss sample activities in more detail in
    group therapy section.

70
5. Environmental Approach
  • a. History
  • 1980s and 1990s. Systems theory took hold in
    U.S. rehab dollars became tighter.
  • b. Description
  • Rosemary Lubinski (2001) summarized this
    approach to tx in which environmental and social
    factors are assessed and then targeted for
    intervention.
  • In general, tx starts with the assessment of
    environmental (systems) factors.

71
  • c. Research Basis
  • Mostly conceptual/theoretical to date, although
    some systems theory research exists for other
    populations. (e.g., dementia)
  • d. Populations
  • all communicators with aphasia
  • (KG - especially our nonspeaking communicators)

72
  • e. Principles
  • 1) individuals are affected by their environment
    and their communication partners
  • 2) The communication predicament faced by elderly
    and aphasic individuals escalates as their
    environment responds minimally or in a disordered
    way to their communication attempts
  • Example Fluent aphasia - confused/jargon output
    -- nurse caregiver - dining hall - retreat -

73
  • f. Implementing the Treatment Task
  • 1) modify the individual as much as possible
  • 2) focus on the family/communication partners
  • Teach strategies
  • Educate
  • 3) modify the environment
  • Example - architectural design of room, visual
    schedule

74
Sample Environmental Chart with Communication
Instructions
Please point to what you are talking about. Make
sure you get my attention before you start
talking. Write down key words theres a tablet
on the T.V. Explain whats coming uppoint to my
schedule or the calendar.
75
Example of Architectural Modifications to Enhance
Communication/Social Roles Steinfeld, E. (1997)
76
B. Specific Individual Therapy Techniques to
Improve Communication Skills in Meaningful
Contexts
77
1. Basic Strategy Learners
  • Basic Choice Communicators
  • Controlled Situation Communicators
  • Emerging/Transitional Comprehensive Communicators
  • anyone who doesnt think to turn to external
    symbols/strategies to convey meaning when unable
    to do so verbally

78
Tx Strategy 1. Teach referential
communication skills
  • Some communicators with severe aphasia (across
    modalities) appear to have an elemental challenge
    in referencing ability
  • They need explicit instruction to engage in basic
    referential skills..

79
  • Attending to others (especially speakers)
  • Pointing to request
  • Pointing (indexing) an object, picture or written
    word to clarify the referent when
    answering/commenting
  • Gesturing deictically to request info or indicate
    anothers turn
  • Searching for tangible information when answering
    questions (e.g., in communication notebooks,
    etc.)

80
  • Abbeduto, Short-Meyerson, Benson, Dolish,
    Weissman (1998) described physical referencing
    as
  • ...an understanding that an item that is present
    in an individuals proximal life space may be the
    topic of conversation or concept under
    discussion.
  • Their research indicated that referential skills
    (particularly physical referencing) are present
    in young children as well as older children with
    developmental language delays.

81
My Hypotheses
  • That individuals with severe aphasia may not be
    able to produce propositional, verbal (speech or
    nonspeech modalities) communication until basic
    referential skills emerge (either naturally or
    with facilitation)
  • That the emergence of meaningful spoken or
    alternative communication coincides/ parallels
    the reacquisition of basic referential skills
    such as pointing to others, shifting gaze to a
    speaker, physically manipulating
    externally-stored info (pictures, words, etc.) to
    answer a question.

82
Target Referential Skills - A Proposed Hierarchy
  • A. Social-Pragmatic Referential Skills
  • B. Semantic/Symbolic Referential Skills
  • C. Discourse Level Referential Skills

83
  • A.Social-Pragmatic Referential Skills
  • 1) Basic Deixis
  • For turn-taking
  • For requesting additional information
  • Dean - ask Jerry what he thought of the
    election...hand-over-hand assist to point to
    Jerry to request info

84
  • A. Social-Pragmatic Referential Skills (cont).
  • 2) Tangible Referent Identification- immediate
    envirionment
  • Example Show us what you bought this weekend
    visual prompt to encourage Jane to point to her
    own new sweater

85
Video Illustration
  • Explicitly instructing an individual with severe
    aphasia to
  • visually reference/demo joint attention
  • Point to indicate a turn
  • Show responses to audience

86
  • B. Semantic/Symbolic Referential Skills
  • 1) Visual symbol referencing
  • Example Photo Album Conversations - point to
    pictures to answer autobiographical questions
    Where was your favorite vacation?

87
  • B. Semantic/Symbolic Referential Skills continued
  • 2) Point to tangible topics setters to
    initiate a conversational topic (Weiss Ho,
    1997)
  • Example Teach family members to place remnant
    of an outing or activity in view or in
    communicators pocket. Use verbal or physical
    cues to trigger presentation of remnant in
    response to peer question Whats new?. Fade
    cues as appropriate

88
  • B. Semantic/Symbolic Referential Skills cont.
  • 3) Access sequence of messages to convey NEWS
    on a Voice Output Communication Aid (VOCA) - no
    selection/minimal sequencing demands

89
  • B. Semantic/Symbolic Referential Skills cont.
  • 4. Access semantically specific messages to
    answer specific questions -- on VOCA

90
  • 5. Point to semantically specific written word
    choices to answer conversational questions
    (Written Choice Conversation Strategy -- Garrett
    Beukelman, 1995)
  • Example Who do you want to win the election
    Gore Bush You dont CARE!

91
Video Illustrations
  • Using a tangible topic setter
  • Telling a story via prestored symbols on simple
    VOCA
  • Making simple requests via pictures
  • Using a VOCA to access conversational phrases

92
  • C. Discourse Level Referential Skills
    (advanced communicators)
  • Answering questions with semantically specific
    referents
  • Commenting
  • Asking questions
  • Time markers and (then)
  • Continuers and, but
  • Combine natural modalities (speech, gestures,
    writing) with use of AAC strategies

93
Construct opportunities for
  • Explicit, referential communication to occur in
    one or more modalities
  • Gestural - Vocal
  • Verbal - Writing
  • AAC or other external symbols
  • An increase in self-initiated communication acts
    increase
  • Discriminating between symbols to choose, request
    or describe
  • Turn-taking and other pragmatic aspects of
    interactional communication to kick in

94
Mike talking about his WWII medal
95
Video Illustration
  • Comprehensive communicator participating in
    conversation by accessing symbolized messages,
    gesturing, spelling, and speaking/vocalizing
  • Note difference in initiations and conscious use
    of strategies
  • NOVEL information transfer

96
End of section on referential communication
(skill 1)
97
Tx Strategy 2. Teach clear signals
  • Tag yes/no questions provide graphic
    cues/gestural model for y/no
  • HOH to help with point gradually withdraw
  • Model use strategies yourself while conversing
  • (look, this is what I think point to rating
    scale I think its a bad idea too)

98
Teaching John Yes and No
99
Tx Strategy 3. Gradually extend interactional
length
  • Expect full conversations
  • Expansion on a topic
  • Completion of an entire transaction
  • (e.g., buying EE shoes not done communicating
    until the shoes are in the bag)

100
Tx Strategy 4. Add VOCA messages gradually
  • HOH 1 message always successful
  • Pause cues wait reinforce activation
  • News, activity preferences, greeting
  • Gradually add items to build up discrimination
    of messages, add nonpreferred choices (e.g.,
    dental floss)

101
Tx Strategy 5. Gradually increase complexity
and number of choices in partner-supported
techniques
  • Written choices shift from egocentric topics
    (your hobbies) to world events (How improve
    security?)
  • VOCA - same

102
Several years ago.
103
Tx Strategy 6. Tell PWA s/he is responsible for
setting the topic.
  • And must bring/show SOMETHING
  • All is quiet until they signal/gesture/reference
    SOMETHING!

104
Sample topic setter Travel Brochure
105
Tx strategy 7. Involve client, family, and
partners in
  • Vocabulary selection
  • System design
  • Identifying communication opportunities in the
    community
  • Participating in partner role-plays or real
    interactions

106
Tx Strategy 8. Add new strategies 1 at a time.
Ex
  • Teach PWA to show topic setter
  • Then teach PWA to point and ask you? while
    showing topic setter
  • Then teach PWA to point to choices to answer
  • Then teach PWA to find a map to answer location
    questions
  • Then teach PWA to find a list of family members
    and point to it to answer who questions etc.
    Etc.

107
Tx Strategy 9. Focus on teaching use of
strategies in meaningful contexts from Day 1
  • Set up scripted conversational routines
    practice then do it!
  • Develop roleplays assemble vocabulary, make
    choices, practice script, invite novel partners
  • Ex. Bank
  • Embed new strategies into real life situations
  • Ex. Wedding toast for daughter store on single
    message device, have person practice, then access
    it for real at the wedding

108
  • Gradually lengthen roleplays
  • Change setting leave clinic room
  • Add partners
  • Withdraw cues and script after repeated
    rehearsals (if possible)

109
Sample Script
110
(No Transcript)
111
Video Example Embedding Strategy Instruction in
Contextual Therapy
  • Jerry/Kim
  • OR Jerry Ben
  • OR Ben Cliff

112
2. Advanced Strategy Learners
  • Purpose of instruction at this level is to
    increase PWAs independence and ability to think
    purposefully about using communication strategies

113
Tx Strategy 10 Ask PWA Which strategy
could you use?
  • How are you going to get your message across?
  • Is that information in your system? If not,
    then maybe you should write/draw/pantomime
  • Is this person patient? Knowledgeable about your
    communication disorder? If not, maybe you
    should
  • prestore a message
  • explain how you communicate up front

114
Chart Approach Instead of verbally instructing
PWA to use a specific strategy, point to the
chart and ask. Which strategy will work best?
Modality Instruction Chart
115
Tx strategy 11. Tax the communication with
additional discourse demands
  • Increase interactional demands
  • Partner pretends to not understand
  • Partner interrupts or requests more info
  • Deviate from practiced scripts
  • Conduct discourse activities in other settings
    with unfamiliar partners
  • Increase difficulty of discourse tasks
  • From requesting a specific shoe size to
    negotiating a shoes return
  • From telling 1 item about weekend to telling a
    story and answering questions about it.

116
Video Illustrations
  • Asking spouses out for a date
  • Speech/gestures (Steve)
  • VOCA (John)
  • Conversation with Dynavox (Don)

117
THINKDISCUSS
118
C. Group Intervention Approaches for Long-Term
Aphasia
  1. Rationale for Group Therapy/Discussion
  2. Descriptions of Various Group Models (note
    apology)
  3. The Nebraska-Pittsburgh Thematic Discourse
    Model

119
Rationale for Group Therapy
  • Interactional contexts can promote generalization
    and functional use of communication skills
  • Groups provide opportunities for peer
    socialization and cooperative attainment of
    goals
  • Efficient and effective way to deliver long-term
    rehabilitation services
  • Current Practices England and the U.S.
  • Do you offer group therapy in your facility?

120
Description of Group Models
  • A) General Types of Groups
  • Conversational Groups
  • Language Therapy Groups
  • Functional Activity/Skills Groups
  • Support (Psychosocial) Groups
  • Drill and Practice Therapy Groups
  • Spouse/Caregiver Support Groups
  • Spouse/Caregiver Communication Instruction Groups

121
B) Contemporary Models of Aphasia Group
Therapy
  • Marshalls Problem- Solving Approach
  • Avents Cooperative Group Treatment
  • Kagans Toronto CommunityProgram
  • Holland Beesons Convers. Groups
  • Aphasia Center of CA
  • Family Based Intervention (Univ. of WA)
  • Nebraska Scaffolded Discourse Approach

122
1. Marshalls Problem-Focused Group Tx Oregon
Rhode Island Veterans Hospitals
  • targets independent persons with mild aphasia
  • designed to help individuals cope with
    day-to-day problems
  • clinician serves as a facilitator only

123
Problem-Solving Approach cont.
  • Organizational Structure
  • meet 1x per week for 60-90 minutes
  • 8-10 participants
  • no predetermined discharge date
  • No charge VA supported

124
Problem-Solving Approach cont.
  • Examples of Activities
  • communicating in an emergency
  • meeting new people
  • preparing for a doctors visit
  • self disclosure

125
Problem-Solving Approach cont.
  • Outcomes
  • 14/23 showed overall improvement on the PICA
  • 9 showed little or no change on the PICA or
    discontinued tx before retesting
  • anecdotal reports clients began filling
    prescriptions, ordering specialty sandwiches,
    obtaining bids for repair work, completing
    paperwork

126
2) Avents Cooperative Group Treatment for Mild
Aphasia (Jan Avent, California State
University-Hayward)
  • emphasizes dyadic communication, inquiry and
    discovery, reflection on performance
  • clinician facilitates a group member to
    facilitate the target communicator

127
Avents Cooperative Group Treatment cont.
  • Organizational Structure
  • 2 individuals with aphasia in a treatment dyad
    and an SLP facilitator
  • 45 minutes (1 story per session) to 90 minutes
    (2-3 stories per session)
  • designed for mildly impaired individuals but has
    been used with moderate-severely impaired
    communicators
  • home program set up prior to discharge
  • funding structure unknown

128
Avents Cooperative Group Treatment cont.
  • Examples of Activities
  • summarizing target stories (narrative and
    procedural story retells) facilitator with
    aphasia assists the target individual to improve
    their rendition.
  • narrative story topics have included Alaska,
    American bison, exercise, dogs
  • procedural story topics have included planting a
    garden, renting a movie, etc.

129
Avents Cooperative Group Treatment cont.
  • Outcomes
  • multiple baseline study with 8 subjects conducted
    3X weekly for 5 weeks
  • Measures included Correct Info Units (CIUs),
    number of key words used by reteller, number/type
    of cues supplied by the facilitator, SPICA, WAB,
    CADL
  • significant increases in SPICA, WAB, CADL scores
    for moderate to severe participants at 2 mos and
    4 mos

130
3) North York Pat Arato Aphasia Centre (Toronto,
Canada -- Kagan, Gailey, Cohen-Schneider)
  • emphasizes a partnership among members, families,
    volunteers, and professionals staff
  • goals of increased independence,community
    reintegration, social and emotional support
  • large program - 300 members and 100 volunteers

131
North York Pat Arato Aphasia Centre (Toronto,
Canada -- Kagan et al) Continued
  • Organizational Structure
  • 12 week introductory program
  • one session per week/105 minutes
  • 20-25 members with aphasia
  • 4-5 people per group
  • separate groups for family members
  • volunteers are trained extensively to facilitate
    conversational interactions

132
North York Pat Arato Aphasia Centre (Toronto,
Canada -- Kagan et al) Continued
  • Organizational Structure - Funding
  • funding is obtained from various sources,
    including
  • Ontario Ministry of Health
  • fundraising
  • Suggested donations for participants is 160
    (Canadian per term)

133
North York Pat Arato Aphasia Centre (Toronto,
Canada -- Kagan et al) Continued
  • Examples of Volunteer-Facilitated Activities
  • natural topical conversation!!!
  • barrier games/PACE strategies
  • 20 questions
  • watching video clips of news segments or humorous
    advertisements, homemade videos of staff engaging
    in embarrassing situations

134
North York Pat Arato Aphasia Centre (Toronto,
Canada -- Kagan et al) Continued
  • Outcomes
  • members with aphasia and family members reported
    changes in 5 of 6 dimensions on the Ryffs
    Psychological Well Being Scale at 6 month
    intervals
  • positive changes reflected in
  • autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth,
    purpose in life, self-acceptance (members)
  • autonomy, personal growth, positive relations
    with others, purpose in life, self-acceptance
    (family)

135
4) Arizona Conversation Groups (Holland Beeson)
  • small group format
  • goals are to provide communication
    opportunities, to facilitate communication using
    all successful modalities, and to teach strategies

136
Arizona Conversation Groups (Holland Beeson)
cont.
  • Organizational Structure
  • serve approximately 40 individuals with aphasia
    (8 groups of 5-7 individuals _at_)
  • 1 X per week/1 hour sesssions
  • facilitated by graduate students with supervision
  • separate groups for family members
  • private pay - 10 per session

137
Arizona Conversation Groups (Holland Beeson)
cont.
  • Examples of Activities
  • topical conversations
  • PACE types of activities
  • games
  • use of memory books
  • discussions about former occupations
  • roleplaying
  • educational/informative lectures
  • self-evaluations

138
Arizona Conversation Groups (Holland Beeson)
cont.
  • Outcomes
  • longitudinal data collected with formal (WAB) and
    informal (CETI) measures revealed measureable
    gains in communication abilities for most group
    members who were many months or years post onset.

139
5) The Aphasia Center of California (Elman
Bernstein-Ellis)
  • built on the premise that natural social
    interaction motivates persons with aphasia to
    communicate.
  • work on learning strategies, using multiple
    modalities.

140
The Aphasia Center of California (Elman
Bernstein-Ellis) continued
  • Organizational Structure
  • 70 members
  • community based (located in Senior Center)
  • 6 conversational groups weekly (90 minutes
    sessions)
  • 5 to 8 persons per group
  • caregiver groups bimonthly
  • SLPs facilitate

141
The Aphasia Center of California (Elman
Bernstein-Ellis) continued
  • Organizational Structure - Funding
  • because tx is held in nonprofit community agency,
    less overhead
  • Funding is primarily private pay (15 per session
    with sliding fee down to 4 per session).
  • Several HMOs willing to pay first 10 sessions.
  • Also conduct fundraising activities individual
    contributions, corporate and private foundations

142
The Aphasia Center of California (Elman
Bernstein-Ellis) continued
  • Examples of Activities
  • conversational activities
  • reading and writing groups
  • art class
  • supplementary individual treatment
  • not task or theme oriented/conversation emerges
    in accordance with the interests of the day

143
The Aphasia Center of California (Elman
Bernstein-Ellis) continued
  • Outcomes
  • 28 subjects - randomly assigned to immediate vs.
    deferred group tx
  • dep. measures included SPICA, WAB AQ
    reading/writing measures, CADL, CETI, affect
    balance scale, connected speech and interviews.
  • scores on formal test measures (SPICA, WAB, CADL)
    were better for immediate tx group

144
6) Family Based Intervention for Chronic Aphasia
(Nancy Alarcon, Univ. of Washington)
  • focus on direct tx of family members re
    behaviors affecting communication
  • goals increase quality of communication
    interactions in dyad, decrease breakdowns,
    increase facilitatory behaviors

145
Family Based Intervention for Chronic Aphasia
(Univ. of Washington) continued
  • Facilitatory Behaviors
  • comment
  • clarify
  • cue
  • Nonfacilitatory Behaviors
  • interruption
  • interrogation
  • repetition request

146
Family Based Intervention for Chronic Aphasia
(Univ. of Washington) continued
  • Treatment consists of
  • general education (communication abilities of
    person with aphasia, facilitatory behaviors)
  • conversational practice
  • videotape, review, feedback
  • additional practice of facilitatory behaviors

147
Discussion
  • Which aspects of these group models appeal to
    you?
  • Who might benefit from these approaches?
  • Cautions???

148
3. Group Therapy The Nebraska-Pittsburgh Model
149
A. History
  • University of Nebraska-Lincoln - 1993-1997
    Garrett Ellis
  • Student training programs
  • Adults with a wide variety of aphasia types,
    ages, backgrounds
  • Duquesne University (Pittsburgh) - 1998-present
    Garrett Staltari
  • Ever-increasing demand for services at the
    post-acute rehabilitation phase

150
  • B. Constituency of Groups (2)
  • Mild-Moderate Aphasia Group
  • Difficulties with fluency, semantic flexibility
    and specificity, organization of discourse,
    timing, and integration of language with high
    level social-pragmatic skills
  • Participants tend to have generally good auditory
    comprehension primarily communicate by speaking
    (although enhancement through other modalities is
    often a goal)

151
  • Severe Aphasia Group
  • Participants have limited to no verbal
    communication. Typically have some degree of
    auditory comprehension breakdown as well -- from
    mild to severe.
  • Have difficulties initiating communication acts
    conveying novel,semantically specific
    information referencing what theyre talking
    about attending to relevant info/conversational
    partners engaging in reciprocal exchanges

152
  • C. Organizational Structure
  • University-based clinic
  • weekly sessions/1.5 hours
  • 4-8 members all severity levels
  • SLP graduate students facilitate sessions (with
    supervision)
  • break out sessions/individual instruction as
    needed
  • minimum of 5 per session max of 25 per
    session
  • some insurance payment for a portion of the
    sessions
  • workmans comp or Office of Vocational
    Rehabilitation
  • Sertoma scholarships for individual clients
  • Private pay reduced fee schedule option

153
D. Purposes (4) of Therapy Groups
  • 1) To improve linguistic skills
  • Semantic
  • Discourse
  • 2) To improve interactional skills in
  • Conversational Contexts
  • Transactional Contexts

154
  • 3) To increase communicators use of compensatory
    strategies when appropriate
  • 4) To assist clients and significant others to
    learn to live with aphasia (after Lyon, 1996)

155
E. 3 Basic Tx Principles Communication in
Meaningful Contexts
  • 1) USE language vs. practice
  • Embed language targets in a connected sequence of
    communication acts that have a purpose
  • EX Asking your wife out on a date vs.
    practicing her name and I love you in an
    isolated context

156
  • Prepare for challenges to resource allocation
    practice compensating for situational demands in
    tx
  • EX Practice standing up, walking to movie
    counter, asking for a ticket, being bumped,
    getting back on track and requesting a ticket

157
  • 2) Communicate at the level of discourse
  • Have a GOAL (conduct a transaction, to tell a
    story, to explain how to do something)
  • ORGANIZE the communication acts you need to
    achieve this goal
  • Ex.Hi honey - come here gesture. Date?

158
  • Add enough REFERENTIAL/ SEMANTIC SPECIFICITY and
    COHESION to convey ideas
  • Ex.Movies - you? or show newspaper
  • Consolidate multiple communication modalities
    into one communication act
  • EX Hand her flowers and say I love you
    vs. practicing speech and gestures separately

159
  • 3) utilize thematic, situational activities in tx
  • Examples
  • Planning a party for group member
  • Going to the bank
  • Greeting trick-or-treater
  • May facilitate retrieval of language associated
    with episodic memory
  • Preliminary observations increased complexity
    and automaticity of expressive communication

160
F. Structure of the Model 4 phases
  • Conversation
  • Context-Building
  • Language Mediation
  • Discourse

161
  • VIDEO ILLUSTRATION GROUP in ACTION

162
Group measurement scale found in your handout
packet on page 60
163
Reference
  • Garrett, K., Ellis, G. (1999) Group
    communication therapy for people with long-term
    aphasia Scaffolded thematic discourse
    activities. In R. J. Elman (Ed.), Group
    Treatment of Neurogenic Communication Disorders
    The Expert Clinician's Approach. Boston
    Butterworth-Heinemann. Pp. 85-96.

164
Part V Professional Issues, Future Directions,
Discussion
165
A. Programmatic Issues
  • 1. Funding for Therapy
  • 2. Funding for Equipment
  • 3. Reestablishing our role
  • 4. Measuring Change/Effectiveness

166
1. Funding for Therapy
  • Write objectives specifically
  • Examples
  • Will initiate request for medical needs or
    favorite activities by selecting message from
    8-item VOCA display in contextual situations in
    assisted living environment
  • Note the communication function, strategy, and
    environment that you are aiming for
  • Caveat about saying AAC
  • Reapply for insurance coverage each year

167
2. Funding for Devices
  • 1. State Technology Projects Loaners
  • 2. Private Insurance
  • Aetna - SGDs
  • Tri-Care (military)
  • 3. Medicaid (some states)
  • 4. Medicare SGDs
  • 5. Private Pay

168
www.aac-rerc.com
169
Special Issues
  • DME - devices should be described as being
    durable medical equipment
  • You need to find an authorized vendor of DME
    equipment - usually cant have it in same
    hospital
  • Outside vendors of orthotics and prosthetics

170
  • Only certain devices are covered.
  • Only certain manufacturers are on the list of
    Medicare and insurance providers - BECAUSE they
    are not reimbursed in full (theyre reimbursed at
    Medicare level rates)

171
Work of Medicare AAC Implementation Team
through ASHA
  • Joanne Lasker p. 61
  • Good organization schema for ordering Speech
    Generating Devices (SGDs) for people with
    aphasia
  • No Technology
  • Low Technology digitized devices
  • High Technology combine symbols, writers

172
3. Reestablishing our Role
  • Not just swallowing experts
  • Not just stimulation therapists
  • Work on the whole package of communication
    whatever it takes to increase participation,
    strategic communication in real-life contexts
  • Partner training is legitimate
  • Other team members can be invaluable in rehab
    setting e.g., rec therapists, religious
    leaders, etc.
  • We can do something for these folks and we need
    to see them.

173
Is AAC is unique, or is it just another
enhancement to overall language therapy?
174
4. Measuring Change/Effectiveness
  • See Garrett, K., in Elman, R. (Ed). Chapter on
    Measuring Outcomes of Group Therapy. Group
    Treatment
  • My current practices and ideas
  • Triangulation
  • NOMS, ASHA-FACS, Observ. Tools
  • Tests
  • Criterion Referenced Measures
  • of Life Activities that PWA is participating in
  • Discussion

175
B. Delivery of Therapy
  • 1. Increasing contextual opportunities
  • 2. Implementing group therapy

176
C. Research questions and future directions
  • Measurement of use of strategies in real-life
    contexts
  • Partner training
  • What types/quantity of referential communication
    skills do same-age peers use when communicating?
  • Changes in language expression/comprehension
  • Changes in comm. Competence with referential
    communication training?

177
D. Wrap-Up
  • How will you change what you do as a result of
    this workshop?
  • What concerns do you have?
  • What goals do you have?
  • Can you suggest additional directions for me?

178
Goal Communication
179
The End
180
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