Age of Early European Explorations

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The Age of Early European Explorations Conquests
By Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS
Chappaqua, NY
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Earlier Explorations

• Islam the Spice Trade ? Malacca
• A New Player ? Europe
• Nicolo, Maffeo, Marco Polo, 1271
• Expansion becomes a state enterprise ? monarchs
  had the authority the resources.
• Better seaworthy ships.
• Chinese Admiral Zheng He the Ming Treasure
  Fleet

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A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492
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Motives for European Exploration

• Crusades ? by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
• Renaissance ? curiosity about other lands and
  peoples.
• Reformation ? refugees missionaries.
• Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
• Technological advances.
• Fame and fortune.

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New Maritime Technologies
Better Maps Portulan
Hartman Astrolabe(1532)
Mariners Compass
Sextant
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New Weapons Technology
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Prince Henry, the Navigator

• School for Navigation, 1419

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Museum of Navigationin Lisbon
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Portuguese Maritime Empire

• Exploring the west coast of Africa.
• Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
• Vasco da Gama, 1498.
• Calicut.
• Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510
  Malacca, 1511).

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Christofo Colon 1451-1506
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Columbus Four Voyages
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Other Voyages of Exploration
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Ferdinand Magellan the First Circumnavigation
of the WorldEarly 16c
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Atlantic Explorations
Looking for El Dorado
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The First Spanish ConquestsThe Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortez
Montezuma II
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The Death of Montezuma II
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Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
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The First Spanish Conquests
The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
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Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill
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Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered
the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??
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The Columbian Exchange
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Cycle of Conquest Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Missionaries
PermanentSettlers
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Treasuresfrom the Americas!
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade
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The Slave Trade

• Existed in Africa before the coming of the
  Europeans.
• Portuguese replaced European slaves with
  Africans.
• Sugar cane sugar plantations.
• First boatload of African slaves brought by the
  Spanish in 1518.
• 275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other
  countries.
• Between 16c 19c, about 10 million Africans
  shipped to the Americas.

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Slave Ship
Middle Passage
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Coffin Position Below Deck
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African CaptivesThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave ships!
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European Empires in the Americas
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The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves
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Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New
World

• Encomienda or forced labor.
• Council of the Indies.
• Viceroy.
• New Spain and Peru.
• Papal agreement.

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The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission
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The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 The Popes
Line of Demarcation
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Father Bartolome de Las Casas

• New Laws ? 1542

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New Colonial Rivals

• Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to
  dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
• Spain in Asia ? consolidated its holdings in the
  Philippines.
• First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
• Surat in NW India in 1608.
• Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

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New Colonial Rivals
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Impact of European Expansion

• Native populations ravaged by disease.
• Influx of gold, and especially silver, into
  Europe created an inflationary economic
  climate.Price Revolution
• New products introduced across the continents
  Columbian Exchange.
• Deepened colonial rivalries.

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5. New Patterns of World Trade