MIGRATION

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MIGRATION
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MIGRATION

• Migration terms and types
• Characteristics
• Ravensteins Laws
• Reasons for migration
• Global Migration Flows
• Impacts of migration
• Immigration and the United States
• History
• Destinations

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Migration Vs Circulation

• Migration is a permanent move
• Circulation is a type of short-term, repetitive
  or cyclical movements that occur on a regular
  basis (daily, monthly, annually)
• Your trip to school, work, etc.

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Definitions

• Diffusion the process by which a characteristic
  spreads from one area to another
• Relocation diffusion the spread of a
  characteristic through bodily movement of people
  from one space to another.
• Migration a permanent move to a new
  location
• Emigration migration from a region
• Immigration migration to a region
• Net Migration the difference between the number
  of immigrants and emigrants.

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International Migration Movement across
country borders (implying a degree of
permanence).
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Internal Migration - Movement within a single
countrys borders (implying a degree of
permanence).
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Distance of Migration

• Most migrants move short distances internally,
  long distance migrants head for major centers of
  economic activity.
• Internal migration
• Interregional movement from one region to
  another
• Intraregional movement within a region
• International migration
• Voluntary movement for economic or personal
  reasons
• forced migration compelled to move for cultural
  reasons

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MIGRATION
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Why do people Migrate?

• Push Factors those that induce people to move
  out of their present location
• Pull factors induces people to move into a new
  location
• People migrate for one of three reasons economic
  reasons, cultural factors, or environmental
  factors

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Economics
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Kinds of Voluntary Migration

• Step Migration
• When a migrant follows a path of a series of
  stages, or steps toward a final destination.
• intervening opportunity at one of the steps
  along the path, pull factors encourage the
  migrant to settle there.
• Chain Migration
• When a migrant communicates to family and friends
  at home, encouraging further migration along the
  same path, along kinship links.

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Cultural Push and Pull Factors

• Slavery and Political instability

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Refugees

• People who have been forced to migrate because of
  their race, religion, nationality or membership
  in a social group/political unit.

2005 Refugees
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Political migrants/refugees
The Mariel Boatlift
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International Refugees
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AFRICAN REFUGEES
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Cultural and Economic factors
Migration of former slaves
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Environmental factors
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Environmental factors

• Pulled towards physically inviting regions or
  pushed from hazardous ones.

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MIGRATION

• Why do people Migrate?
• Where are migrants distributed?
• Why do migrants face obstacles?
• Why do people migrate within a country?

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Global Migration Flows

• Between 1500 and 1950, major global migration
  flows were influenced largely by
• Exploration
• Colonization
• The Atlantic Slave Trade

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Major Global Migration Flows From 1500 to 1950
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Where are migrants distributed?

• 3 of the worlds population are international
  migrants.

The major flows of migration are from less
developed to more developed countries.
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¼ of Australias pop. are immigrants1/6 of
Canada population are immigrants½ of population
of middle east are immigrants (74 of
population of UAE)
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12 of population in US are immigrants (35
million)
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RESULTS OF IMMIGRATION

• Indo-European languages are spoken by half the
  worlds population
• Christianity (Europe's most prevalent religion)
  has the largest number of adherents.
• European political, economic, art, music,
  literature, etc. traditions have diffused
  throughout the world.

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Why do migrants face obstacles

• Traditionally the hard part was just getting
  there
• Now the hard part is the legal process
• Quota laws, Guest workers, contract workers,
  refugees
• and hostile attitudes of citizens

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Europeans Guest Workers

• Legal immigrants from poorer countries reduce
  the unemployment problem at home add to economy
  of host country

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US history of migration
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US history of migration

• 1rst wave (until 1840s) colonial migration from
  Europe and Africa
• 90 from Europe (2 million)
• 650,000 from Africa

• 2nd wave (1840-1950) Eastern Europe
• 3rd wave (1970s ) from Latin America and Asia

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Migration from Asia to the U.S.
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Migration from Latin America to the U.S.
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Undocumented Immigration

• Although the number of migration now is the high
  there are still the number of wishful migrants
  still far exceeds what quotas permit.
• Those who cannot enter legally but do so anyways
  are referred to as illegal immigrants
• ½ of undocumented residents enter as students or
  tourists and stay
• the other half crosses the border without
  showing a passport or visa

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Destinations of Immigrants

• ½ are clustered in 4 states California, New
  York, Florida, and Texas

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MIGRATION

• Why do people Migrate?
• Where are migrants distributed?
• Why do migrants face obstacles?
• Why do people migrate within a country?

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U.S. quota laws

• Quota maximum number of people who can
  immigrate to a country from a certain country in
  a given year.
• Immigration was unrestricted in US until 1921.
• Quota act (1921) and National origins act
  (1924) each country that had native born persons
  living in US, 2 of their number could immigrate
  each year.

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US immigration policies

• Immigration act of 1965 quotas for individual
  countries eliminated, hemisphere quotas
  established. (170,000 Eastern Hemisphere, 120,000
  Western Hemisphere)
• 1978 global quota of 290,000 replaces
  hemispheres (max of 20,000/country)

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Who are they?

• Currently global quota of 620,000 (limit of
  7/country)
• Preferential treatment given to skilled workers
  (1/4) and family members of someone already
  living in the US (3/4)

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MIGRATION

• Why do people Migrate?
• Where are migrants distributed?
• Why do migrants face obstacles?
• Why do people migrate within a country?

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Migrations within a country The US

• The opening of the west

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Interregional Migration in the U.S.
Average annual migrations between regions in the
U.S. in 1995 and in 2003
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INTRAREGIONAL

• In 1800 5 of world population lived in urban
  areas today over 50

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The US case
¾ of people in US live in cities
1990s movin to the suburbs