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Title: The early Greeks built a civilization in the Aegean peninsula in which the tensions between individu


1
Chapter 2
  • The early Greeks built a civilization in the
    Aegean peninsula in which the tensions between
    individual pride and heroism would become a
    dominant theme, as would an emphasis on the role
    of humans and their abilities to understand and
    master their world.

2
The Rise and Fall of Ancient Heroes, 2000-800 B.C.
  • The Greek Peninsula
  • The Greek peninsula is dominated by mountain
    ranges that caused the ancient civilization to be
    made up of many communities.
  • The Minoans, 2000-1450 B.C.
  • Economic Power
  • Minoan ships were the
  • best-made in the region
  • Centers of economic as
  • well as political power,
  • Minoan palaces comprised vast mazes of
    storerooms, workrooms, and living quarters
  • Religious Ritual
  • Paintings portrayed many of the everyday objects
    and activities that Minoans held dear, including
    religious rituals

3
The Rise and Fall of Ancient Heroes, 2000-800 B.C.
  • Minoan Destruction
  • Archaeological evidence shows that Minoan society
    was toppled by invaders from across the sea
  • (Crete Island) Not Greek
  • Probably a Semitic people related to those living
    in the Eastern and Southern Mediterranean

4
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5
The Rise and Fall of Ancient Heroes, 2000-800 B.C.
  • King Knossos (Ruled over all of Crete)
  • Large Palaces
  • Influence From Other Peoples
  • Art Egyptian
  • Writing From Sumerians
  • Bronze Tools Weapons
  • Minoans Ships Were Best Made in the Area
  • Minoan Destruction
  • Reasons Uncertain
  • Taken over or passed to the earliest Greeks whom
    we call the Mycenaeans

6
The Rise and Fall of Ancient Heroes, 2000-800 B.C.
  • Mycenaean Civilization The First Greeks,
    2000-1100 B.C.
  • Trade
  • Traded for copper and tin to make bronze weapons
    and tools. Trade was widespread and their
    pottery replaced Minoan pottery.
  • Violence and Disruption
  • In about 1200 B.C., violence and a
  • wide-ranging movement of peoples disrupted
  • the eastern Mediterranean
  • Egyptian empire Besieged Lost Territory

7
The Rise and Fall of Ancient Heroes, 2000-800 B.C.
  • Syria Confronted Invaders
  • Mycenaean Involved in These Invasions
  • 1250 B.C. Trojan War

8
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9
The Rise and Fall of Ancient Heroes, 2000-800 B.C.
  • 1200 B.C. Mycenaean Civilization Dissolved
  • Bases Over Trojan War
  • Leaders soldiers away too long which brought
    about the down-fall of the highly structured life
    on the great mainland.
  • 1100 B.C.
  • Excavation Show out of 13 villages Only Three
    Remained
  • All Main City Centers Were Destroyed Except
    Athens
  • From Dark Ages to Colonies 1100-800 B.C.
  • Founding Colonies
  • Greek culture spread through the many colonies
    Greeks established in the region

10
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11
Chapter 2
  • The Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabet, which
    allowed them to record and transmit their
    powerful values and ideas to others.

12
Emerging from the Dark Heroic Beliefs and Values
  • Founding Colonies
  • Toward the end of the Dark Ages trade flourished
    in wine, olive oil, and other goods.
  • While trading the Greeks adopted new ways such
    as the system of weight from Babylonia and making
    of coins from the Lybians.
  • Whatever the Greeks have acquired
  • from foreigners, they have in the end
  • turned into something finer.

13
Emerging from the Dark Heroic Beliefs and Values
  • Heroic Values Preserved
  • Homer (800 B.C.)
  • The most influential Greek poet, historians
    believe lived in the early eighth century B.C.
  • Homers two greatest epics were the Illiad and
    the Odyssey
  • Hesiod
  • For three centuries life was based on small
    villages.

14
Emerging from the Dark Heroic Beliefs and Values
  • The Family of Gods
  • Oracles
  • Interpreted Divine Will
  • The Delphic oracle could enter
  • into a trance and receive cryptic
  • Messages from Apollo
  • Worship of Dionysus
  • God of Wine Fertility
  • Special Appeal to Women
  • Impact of Religious Ideas
  • Gods Human-Like
  • Made Greeks Aspire to the Greatest in Human
    Accomplishments
  • Encouraged Greeks to Master and Understand Their
    World

15
Emerging from the Dark Heroic Beliefs and Values
  • Studying the Material World
  • The Greeks rejected earlier explanations about
    the world and studied nature for themselves
  • Thales and Democrates
  • Thales studied astronomy and geometry, and
    believed in an orderly cosmos accessible to human
    reason.
  • Democrates thought of an infinite universe of
    tiny atoms with spaces between them.
  • Pythagoras
  • He studied mathematics and astronomy, and new
    first attempts to understanding the world in a
    scientific and philosophical way.

16
Emerging from the Dark Heroic Beliefs and Values
  • Practical Applications
  • The sixth-century B.C. engineer Eupalinus
    constructed a 3,000 foot long tunnel through
    mountain in order to bring water from a spring
    into a city.
  • He used only hand tools, and had to work in the
    dark.
  • Fears of Impiety (Crime to Deny the Gods)
  • Accusations of impiety always hovered on the
    borders of scientific inquiry.

17
Chapter 2
  • In the great city-states Greeks developed an
    economy based on olives and experimented with
    different political forms which varied in the
    degree of democratic participation allowed to
    citizens.
  • Hoplite Armies
  • Ancient Greek infantrymen equipped with
  • Large round shields and long thrusting spears.

18
Life in the Greek Polis 700-489 B.C.
  • Changes in Warfare
  • Brisk trade brought down the price of metals
  • Raise Armies (Infantrymen)
  • Called Hoplites
  • They could form a tight formation called a
    Phalanx
  • The Invention of Politics
  • Tyrants (650-550 B.C.)
  • Civil war broke out lower classes rose to
    overthrow the aristocracy which led to rulers by
    physical force.

19
Life in the Greek Polis 700-489 B.C.
  • Tyrants
  • This was a new form of authority based on
    power, not heredity right
  • Tyrant granted popular support by Freeing
    Slaves, Eliminating Debts, and Redistributing
    Land
  • Later as tyrants relied on force to hold power,
    the term tyrant acquired the negative meaning it
    holds today.
  • City-States (Greek City-State Called a Polis)
  • A political unit that generated intense loyalty
    from its citizens
  • The poleis usually included a fortified high
    ground called an acropolis

20
Life in the Greek Polis 700-489 B.C.
  • City-States
  • Had A Market Called the Agora
  • Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Mycenae Where
    Their Was A King or Priesthood
  • Citizens Were Actively Responsible for Guiding
    Their Own Poleis
  • Each city-state created its own form of
    government and retained some form of oligarchy
    (rule by a few)

21
Life in the Greek Polis 700-489 B.C.
  • The Heart of the Polis
  • The household
  • Mens and Womans Roles (Sparta Different)
  • Men Outside, Women Inside
  • Women taught female slaves, managed goods,
    participated in spinning and weaving.
  • Slave Labor
  • Captives of War or Debtors
  • Lived on Their Own
  • Save Money
  • Work Along Side the Free
  • Some Slaves Had Brutal Masters
  • Work in Silver Mines

22
Life in the Greek Polis 700-489 B.C.
  • Fears and Attachments in Greek Emotional Life
  • Strict Segregation of Men and Woman
  • Bisexual Relations
  • Many ancient Greeks accepted bisexuality
  • Relationships were seen as a natural part of a
    world which men feared female sexuality, spent
    all their time together, exercised nude in the
    gymnasia, and praised the male body as the ideal
    of beauty

23
Life in the Greek Polis 700-489 B.C.
  • Sappho of Lesbos
  • Sappho from the island of Lesbos, expressed
    passionate love for the young women in her social
    circle
  • Sapphos poetry was so
  • influential that the word
  • Lesbian
  • She has become
  • synonymous with female
  • homosexuality
  • Courtesans
  • prostitutes

24
Life in the Greek Polis 700-489 B.C.
  • Athens City of Democracy
  • Oligarchy
  • Rule by a small group or by a particular social
    class often wealthy middle classes
  • Solons Reforms
  • Introduced reforms intended to appease lower
    classes while keeping aristocrats in power
  • Increased Democracy
  • Archons, Areopagus, Council of 400, Ecclesia,
    peoples court of appeal
  • Tyranny
  • Athens turned to tyranny bringing Peisistratus to
    power in 560 B.C.
  • Hippias was the last of Athenss tyrants

25
Life in the Greek Polis 700-489 B.C.
  • Assessing Democracy
  • Ecclesia represented only about 20 percent of the
    population of Athens, but it excluded women,
    slaves, and resident foreigners.
  • Ostracism
  • A political technique by which people believed to
    be threats to the city-state were chosen for
    exile by popular vote.
  • Sparta Model of a Military State
  • Spartans were militaristic, strict, and sparing
    of words
  • Spartan Life
  • Harsh if a child was deemed physically
    deficient, it would be left outdoors to die
  • Women handled most of the household arrangements

26
Life in the Greek Polis 700-489 B.C.
  • The love of the Contest
  • Athens and Sparta would stop their warfare to
    celebrate their love of the contest
  • Olympic Games
  • 1st held in 776 B.C.
  • Women at Olympics
  • They were prohibited from
  • attending the contest
  • Some women conducted
  • games of their own

27
Chapter 2
  • After their victory against the Persians, the
    Athenians built an empire, creating tensions
    between themselves and the citizens of other
    city-states.

28
Imperial Athens, 489-431 B.C.
  • The Persian Wars, 490-431 B.C.
  • Battle of Marathon
  • The Athenians were far outmatched by the
  • Persians
  • The Athenian victory was in Philippides
  • A Second Invasion
  • Thermopylae
  • Narrow pass, held by a small coalition of
  • Greeks led by Spartans
  • Only the Spartans stayed to fight to the death

29
Imperial Athens, 489-431 B.C.
  • Greek Naval Victory
  • Greek vessels crushed almost the entire Persian
    fleet
  • Herodotus The Father of History
  • Herodotus recorded the details of the Persian
    Wars in a 600 page work.
  • The Father of Western history

30
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31
Imperial Athens, 489-431 B.C.
  • Athens Builds an Empire, 477-431 B.C.
  • Delian League
  • In 477 B.C. poleis on the coasts and the islands
    of the Aegean decided to form a defensive league.
  • Each member contributed money to maintain a large
    fleet for the defense of them all.
  • Pericles Democracy
  • Tried to ensure that even poor citizens could
    participate fully in Athenian politics and
    culture
  • Artistic Athens
  • The Parthenon
  • Mathematical proportion

32
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33
Imperial Athens, 489-431 B.C.
  • Greek Theater Exploring Complex Moral Problems
  • Eight playwrights were chosen to perform at the
    religious celebration of Dionysus
  • Men in masks played the womans roles
  • Aeschylus and Sophocles
  • Aeschylus wrote The Persians
  • Sophocles wrote The Theban Plays

34
Chapter 2
  • The end of Athenian prosperity, which came with
    the wars between Athens and Sparta and their
    respective allies, raised new questions among
    Greek philosophers, which were accompanied by
    innovations in culture and science.
  • Thucydides
  • Wrote History of the Peloponnesian War

35
Destruction, Disillusion, and a Search for Meaning
  • The Peloponnesian War, 431-404 B.C.
  • The Peloponnesian League Sparta gathered
    together allies to challenge the Athenian Empire
    power
  • Melos Destroyed
  • Athens took the right to force Melos into serving
    as its ally
  • The Meliams maintained that they had the right to
    make their own choices
  • The Athenians killed every last man, and enslaved
    the women and children
  • Athens Loses
  • The Peloponnesian Leagues fleet destroyed the
    Athenian fleet
  • Athenians were forced to surrender in 404 B.C.

36
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37
Destruction, Disillusion, and a Search for Meaning
  • Philosophical Musings Athens Contemplates
    Defeat
  • Socrates
  • Absolutes of truth and justice and excellence
  • Socratic method
  • Accused of impiety and corruption of the young
  • He received the death penalty, and drank a cup of
    deadly poison
  • Plato
  • Believed that truth and justice existed only as
    ideal models, or forms
  • Established a school called the Academy
  • Disillusioned with democracy, encouraged an
    autocratic state ruled by philosopher-kings
  • Aristotle
  • Three categories of knowledge ethics, natural
    history, and metaphysics
  • Golden Mean no extremes in all aspects of life

38
Destruction, Disillusion, and a Search for Meaning
  • Tragedy and Comedy Innovations in
  • Greek Theater
  • Euripides
  • Wrote tragedies in which people grappled with
  • anguish on a heroic scale
  • Women of Troy
  • Aristophanes
  • Used costumes and crude humor to deliver biting
  • political satire
  • Lysistrata
  • Hippocrates and Medicine
  • Considered the father of modern Western medicine

39
Destruction, Disillusion, and a Search for Meaning
  • The Aftermath of War, 404-338 B.C.
  • Power Struggles
  • Postwar developments heightened competition among
    the poleis in the years after Athens loss.
  • Wars among the poleis only aggravated weaknesses
    within each city
  • Government in all the poleis unraveled further
    with innovations in military tactics
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