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Medical English course

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Medical English course. CONTENUTI DEL CORSO. Analisi e traduzione di testi medici. Obiettivo: ... Medical terminology is basically Latin or Greek in origin and ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Medical English course


1
Medical English course
2
  • CONTENUTI DEL CORSO
  • Analisi e traduzione di testi medici
  • Obiettivo
  • agevolare la comprensione scritta
  • Acquisizione di lessico specialistico
  • B. Bertinelli, N. Carlini, P. Catenaccio,
    English for Medicine vol.1, Milano, Hoepli, 2005.
  • Corso base di supporto Face-to-Face elementary
  • Laboratorio di autoapprendimento, Centro
    Linguistico

3
Terminology
  • Medical terminology is basically Latin or Greek
    in origin and is made up of many smaller parts.
    It might be useful to think of the terminology as
    being like a jigsaw. Each part has a meaning and
    when joined together with the next part the
    meaning changes until when all parts are added a
    final meaning can be found. In this section we
    will be looking at how medical terminology is
    formed and at the most common terms you will need
    to learn. 
  • Medical terms are made up of four basic elements.

4
1. The Word Root
  • Word roots come largely from Latin and Greek and
    are the stem or main part of the medical term.
    Below you can see some very common medical word
    roots.
  • Do you know what they mean?
  • bi, erythr, haem, leuc, path, tox

5
2. The combining form of a word root
  • Root words are very often preceded by a prefix,
    followed by a suffix and joined with a combining
    vowel.
  • The most common combining vowel is o, but can
    also be a, e ori.
  • When we add the combining vowel, we get a new
    word component the combining form.
  • This makes the words easier to say.
  •   Gastr- o Gastro
  • e.g. gastroenteritis

6
3. A PREFIX
  •  
  • The prefix comes before the word root and changes
    its meaning
  • These are derived from Latin and Greek  
  •                             prefix       
    root        suffix
  •                             EPI       
    GASTR-        IC
  • epi prefix meaning 'upon or above'     
  • gastr- root meaning 'stomach'      
  • ic suffix meaning 'related to'
  •    Epigastric pertaining to above or upon the
    stomach

7
4. A SUFFIX
  • A suffix comes after the word and modifies its
    meaning.
  •    Prefix      Combining 'o'    suffix
  •          Gastr        o               
    tomy
  •  
  • Gastr- meaning stomach           
  • -tomy suffix meaning 'incision' (cut) into
  •                               
  • Gastrotomy incision into the stomach

8
  • Now that you know how words are formed, you need
    to remember three golden rules in the formation
    of medical terminology

9
Rule 1 Joining a combining form to a suffix
  • Leave the combining vowel in place unless the
    suffix begins with a vowel. If it does drop it!
  •  
  • gastr/o logy gastrology
  • gastr/o tomy gastrotomy 
  • gastr/o itis  gastritis
  • gastr/o ectomy gastrectomy

10
Rule 2 Joining two word roots
  • Some words contain two or more combining forms of
    words. In these cases, the combining form of the
    first word is left in place.
  • trache/o bronch/o itis tracheobronchitis

11
Rule 3 Joining a prefix to a root
  • If a prefix ends with a vowel and is added to a
    root that starts with a vowel or h drop the
    vowel of the prefix.
  • anti acid antacid
  • NOTE this is only advisory there are many
    exceptions periosteitis

12
ESP
  • The way in which English varies according to its
    use in particular situations gt
  • English for Special/Specific Purposes
  • (vs General English)
  • examples...

13
  • ESP is classified in terms of
  • Field of discourse gtshared vocabulary
  • Purpose (functional tenor)
  • Description, report, exposition, instruction,
    argumentation
  • MEDIUM
  • ESP is more strongly oriented towards written
    forms

14
  • The complete grammar of General English belongs
    to ESP
  • Same processes of morphology and word formation
  • The selection of vocabulary is influenced by the
    field
  • Terminology is at least partially standardised to
    avoid ambiguity
  • Special visual elements may be employed.
  • English is selected, restricted, special

15
EST (English for Science and Technology)
  • Greater frequency of the passive
  • Greater frequency of non-defining relative
    clauses compared to defining ones
  • Specific, frequently employed, rhetorical devices
    such as anaphora, parallelism, parenthetical
    elements, emphatic inversion, rhetorical
    questions, ellipsis
  • Occurrence of new plurals (fats, oils) and Latin
    and Greek plurals

16
SCIENTIFIC ENGLISH
  • Neutral, unemotional, objective tone
  • Abbreviations, numerals, symbols
  • Lexical density (nominal style)
  • Impersonal style
  • Passive forms
  • Selection of pronouns employed (we/this/these
    less so I, he, even less so she, you)
  • Noun phrases with complex structures
  • (e.g. transparent removable alignment grid)
  • Compactness of structure (use of parentheses)
  • Low use of cohesive devices

17
Nominalisation
  • An on-line analysis of the ultrasonic radio
    frequency signal was performed to obtain
    quantitative operator independent measurement of
    the integrated backscatter signal of the
    ventricular septum and the posterior wall.
  • Nominalization Verb
  • On-line analysis to analyze
  • Quantitative operator independent measurement
    to measure

18
  • The ultrasonic radio frequency signal was
    evaluated by on-line analysis to obtain
    quantitative operator independent measurement of
    the integrated backscatter signal of the
    ventricular septum and the posterior wall.
  • The ultrasonic radio frequency signal was
    analyzed on-line to measure in an operator
    independent way integrated backscatter.

19
  • Our analysis of the results of the experiment did
    not provide an explanation of its failure,
    because our data collection lacked the precision
    needed.
  • When we analyzed the results of the experiment we
    could not explain why it failed, because we did
    not collect data precisely.

20
  • Our lack of data prevented evaluation of state
    action in targeting funds to areas in need of
    assistance.
  • Because we lacked data, we could not evaluate
    whether the state had targeted funds to areas
    that needed assistance.

21
Noun phrases - premodification
  • partial genetic dysfunction maps
  • adverse contaminant bacterial reaction
  • rapid tree stem contraction

22
  • il sintagma
  • decreased water tolerance phenomenon
  • potrebbe essere interpretato in tre modi diversi
  • the phenomenon of tolerance of decreased water
    (il fenomeno di tollerare la diminuzione di
    acqua)
  • the phenomenon of waters decreased tolerance (il
    fenomeno di una minor tolleranza da parte
    dellacqua).
  • decreased tolerance phenomenon to water (il
    fenomeno diminuito di tolleranza allacqua)

23
  • Esercizio 1
  • Early childhood breathing disorder misdiagnosis.
  • The misdiagnosis of early childhood breathing
    disorder.
  • The misdiagnosis of breathing disorders in early
    childhood.
  • Esercizio 2
  • The ongoing systematic model application.
  • The ongoing systematic application of the model.
    ?? The models ongoing systematic application.
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