Goal 4 cont and Goal 5

1
Goal 4 cont and Goal 5

• Also this includes some information about the
  scientific method

2
Scientific Method - review

• Hypothesis
• Data
• Variable (dependent and independent)
• Conclusion
• Control
• Theory
• Law
• Inferences vs. Observations

3
4.05 Animal Behavior

• Innate Behavior
• Learned Behavior
• Social Behavior

4
Innate Behavior

• Taxis animal moves toward or away from a
  stimulus
• Ex. Insect moving toward or away from light

5
Innate Behavior

• Positive Light Taxis

6
Innate Behavior

• Instinct
• Behavior an animal is born with
• Ex suckling

7
Innate Behavior

• Migration
• Purpose????
• Food (major)
• Temperature (minor)

8
Innate Behavior

• Estivation dormancy during periods of extreme
  heat or drought
• Purpose???
• conserve resources during extreme conditions
• Common in frogs

9
Innate Behavior

• Hibernation dormant (sleep-like state) in
  winter
• Purpose????? Survive winters when there
  is little available food.

10
Learned Behavior

• Habituation - an animal becomes accustomed to a
  stimulus through prolonged and regular exposure
• Ex You live next to the train track and you
  dont even hear the train any more.

11
Learned Behavior - Imprinting

• Learning based on early experience
• Once occurred, cannot be changed
• Keeps young animals close to mother who protects
  and feeds them

12
Learned Behavior

• Classical Conditioning teaching a response to
  a new stimulus
• Ex Pavlovs Dogs

13
Learned Behavior

• Trial and Error learning through positive
  (food, praise) and negative (punishment)
  reinforcement

14
Social Behavior

• Communication in social insects using pheromones.

15
Social Behavior

• Courtship Dances

Albatross
Japanese Cranes
16
Purpose of Mating Rituals?

• Enables animals to identify healthy,
  reproductively fit mates of the same species
• Courtship rituals are species specific

Ruffed Grouse
17
Social Behavior

• Territorial Defense
• Conserves resources
• Protects organisms from getting hurt by fighting

Fighting Fish
18
Bighorn Sheep
Mocking bird mobbing an American Kestrel
19
Goal 5 Ecology
20
5.01 Interrelationships

• Symbiosis relationship between two organisms
• mutualism
• commensalism
• parasitism

21
Mutualism

• Both organisms benefit.
• Ex E. coli in your intestines
• Acacia tree and ants
• Ants and aphids

22
Commensalism

• One organism benefits, the other is neither
  helped nor harmed.
• Ex orchids on a tree
• Barnacles on a whale
• Mites on our eyelashes

23
Parasitism

• One organism is harmed (the host) and the other
  one benefits.
• Tapeworm, athletes foot, fleas, ticks
• Does a parasite want to kill its host?

24
Predator/Prey Relationships
25
Field Ecology Techniques

• Different techniques are used to determine
  species diversity in a given area and over time.

Fencing to exclude rabbits to measure seedling
recruitment after fire
26
Field Ecology Techniques

• Diver using a quadrant to measure organisms on
  the sea floor.

27
Biotic and Abiotic Factors

• Biotic Factors Living or once living components
  of an ecosystem. (plants and animals)
• Abiotic Factors- Nonliving things which influence
  an ecosystem(water, rocks, soil, sunlight, air,
  salt, wind)

28
Carrying Capacity

• The number of organisms an ecosystem can support
  in a healthy manner.
• Limiting factor Something in the environment
  that limits the growth of an organism. Ex
  light might be a limiting factor in the growth of
  a plant

29

• Limiting factors influence carrying capacity.
• Ex food availability
• competition
• harsh winter

30
Population Growth Graph
31
(No Transcript)
32
5.02 Energy Flow and Cycling
Carbon Cycle
33
Food Chains

• Linear representation
• of the flow of energy
• through an ecocsystem.

34
Food Webs

• Many food chains
• Interconnected. Each
• organism has a
• trophic level.
• Ex producer, 1st
• order consumer, 2nd
• order consumer, etc.

35
Energy Pyramid

• Geometric representation of a food pyramid.
• Purpose of the
• pyramid shape?

36
Pyramid of Energy

• 10 Rule? only 10 of the energy from one
  trophic level moves up to the next trophic level.
• Where does the energy go?
• Heat, activity, energy still in urine and feces

37
Energy Pyramid

• Suppose the trees are providing 10,000 calories
  to the giraffes. How much energy will be passed
  up to the lions?

38
5.03 Human Population
39
Human Population

• What is exponential growth?
• What factors have influenced human birth rates
  and death rates over time?

40
Human Population

• What effect is population size having on the food
  supply?
• On the water supply?
• On our natural resources?

41
Carrying Capacity of Earth

• What effect is our
• increasing demand for
• wood and food doing
• to the ecosystem?
• Have we reached our
• carrying capacity? Exceeded it?

Clear cut forest in Malaysia
42
Acid Rain
Acid rain destruction - Central Europe
43
Habitat Destruction
Loss of Habitat Loss of species, degradation
of the environment.
Clear cutting in Oregon
44
Non-native Species

• Also called exotic species.
• Fire ants came to the U.S. on a container ship
  in Mobile, Alabama in the 1980s.

45
Non-Native Species

• Kudzu brought to the U.S. to control erosion.
• The only animal that
• will eat it, is the goat.
• Why are exotics a
• problem?

46
Climate Change
Greenhouse Effect, also called Global Warming
47
Climate Change

• Causes?
• Human burning fossil fuels and wood, putting CO2
  and methane into the atmosphere
• Natural volcanoes

• Effects?
• Polar ice caps melting
• Sea level rising
• More frequent and violent storms
• Tropical diseases moving into temperate areas
• Loss of habitat (ex coral reefs)

48
Deforestation

• Clear cutting for wood, agricultural uses,
  building roads, housing developments, mining
• Result loss of habitats, loss of species,
  erosion, siltation of rivers, loss of buffer zones

Siltation of The Kouiloo River, Congo
49
Bioaccumulation

• The accumulation of a harmful substance as it
  moves through the food chain.
• Ex DDT (pesticide) and heavy metals (lead and
  mercury)

50
Stewardship

• To take care of the earth in a healthy way.

51
Sustainable Development

• Is a way of using natural resources without
  depleting them and of providing for human needs
  without causing long-term environmental harm.

California Vineyard reducing pesticide use.
52
Sustainable Development

• Offshore aquaculture to reduce the pressure on
  wild fish populations.

• Provide energy without producing pollution.