A New Civilization in Western Europe

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A New Civilizationin Western Europe
Chapter 10
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• Vocabulary
• 1. Middle Ages
• 2. Gothic
• 3. Vikings
• 4. Manorialism
• 5. Serfs
• 6. Three-field system
• 7. Clovis
• 8. Carolingians
• 9. Charles Martel
• 10. Charlemagne
• 11. Holy Roman emperors
• 12. Feudalism
• 13. Vassals
• 14. Capetians
• 15. William the Conqueror

16. Magna Carta 17. Parliaments 18. Hundred
Years War 19. Troubadours 20. Hanseatic
League 21. Guilds 22. Black Death 23. Roman
Catholic church 24. Pope 25. Franks 26. Three
estates 27. Ferdinand and Isabella 28.
Romanesque 29. Chivalry
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Catholic church strong
6th to 10th centuries Europe Breaks Apart
Iberia Arab Muslims take control
Medieval Developments in Western Europe
The Middle Ages last from the fall of Rome (476
AD) to the Renaissance!
Literacy declines except among Church officials
Scandinavian Vikings Raids from 8th to
10th centuries
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• I. Beginning of the European Middle Ages
• A. Middle Ages A period from the fall of Rome
  to the beginning of the Renaissance (5th
  cent.-14th cent.)
• B. Two time periods
• 1. Dark Ages 5th through 10th centuries
• a. Society Declines
• -- Trade nearly stops (except for salt and
  iron)
• -- Cities become less important
• -- People move to rural areas
• -- Learning becomes less important
• -- No common language (Latin evolves)
• 2. Later Middle Ages 11th through 14th century
• a. Rebirth learning, cities, and trade grow

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• C. Manorialism
• 1. Local, personal political organization
• 2. Manorialism Relationship between a lord
  and serf
• a. Agricultural economy almost everyone
  lived on manors
• b. Reciprocal obligations Lords received
  portions of the crops and labor from the
  serfsin return the serfs were protected by
  the lords army
• c. Grew out of the economic collapse of the
  Western Roman Empire.
• 3. Agricultural Innovations 800s
• a. New plows, three field system increased
  output

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• D. The Effects of the Church on Society and
  Politics
• 1. Church copies Roman organizational hierarchy
• a. Pope appoints bishops, sponsors
  missionaries
• 2. Monasticism Movement to set up monasteries
  and therefore spread Christianity
• a. Spiritual functions of monasteries
• --Promoted Christian unity and served as
  examples of holy life
• b. Secular functions of monasteries
• --Education, science (farming), preserved
  much of the Greco-Roman culture

Christianity mixed with the native religions that
it came into contact with as it expanded.
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• E. Charlemagne and His Heirs
• 1. Frankish Carolingian dynasty
• a. Charles Martel Stopped the Muslims
  in 732 at Tours
• b. Charles the Great (Charlemagne)
• --In 800 was crowned Emperor by the
  Pope later this became the Holy Roman
  Empire
• --Copied Roman central administration
• --Empire begins to crumble upon his
  death
• c. Treaty of Verdun -- 843
• --Three kingdoms

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• F. Economic growth Begins in the 10th century
• 1. Agricultural improvements plows, horse
  collars, etc.
• a. Increased food production lead to new
  wealth and population growth
• 2. Towns grow
• a. Literacy expands As trade grew, the need
  for education also grew
• 3. Education
• a. Cathedral schools in the 11th century to
  train future church officials
• b. Universities in the 13th century began to
  train workers for areas outside the church
• --Contacts with the Middle East helped
  rekindle learning that had been lost for
  centuries

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• G. Monarchies and Feudalism
• 1. Personal relationship between greater and
  lesser lords
• a. Military service was given by lesser lords
  in return for landusually large estates
• 2. Some lords, such as the Capetian kings of
  France, emerge more powerful as more land
  comes under their control
• a. Bureaucracies develop to run the
  territories This is the beginning of state
  formation in Europe
• 3. William the Conqueror took control of
  England at the Battle of Hastings (1066)
• a. Was a noble from Normandy (France)
• b. Brought feudalism to England very
  quicklywas not gradual as it was in France.

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• Manorialism/Feudalism Social Pyramid
• --King Give take land declare war
• No day to day control
• --Powerful Lords large
  landowners, also included church bishops
• must provide knights for
  war
• --Lesser Lords Small landowners
• provide fewer knights
• --Knights younger nobles sons
• get land if do well in battle
• --Serfs bound to the land
  do all work on the manor
• majority of the population

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European Feudalism
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• H. Restrictions on Government
• 1. Kingdoms grow large in some
  areas, not in others
• a. Monarchs limited by church, nobles,
  towns
• 2. Magna Carta 1215Document reduces
  the power of the King of England
• a. King John recognizes supremacy of
  written law
• 3. Representative bodies begin to form
• a. Englands Parliament, from 1265
• 4. Monarchs use war to increase in power
• a. The Hundred Years War
• --England vs. France
• --Shift away from knights

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• I. W. Europe Expands its Borders
• 1. Germanic knights push into eastern
  Germany and Poland in the 11th century
• 2. Iberian Peninsula Christians begin
  to push Muslim forces out of Spain
• 3. Vikings Cross Atlantic, but fail to
  set up lasting settlements disrupt
  govts in Europe
• 4. Crusades lead to kingdoms in the Holy Land
• a. Called by Pope Urban II in 1095
• b. Initial success, but ultimate military
  failure
• c. New contact with Islam education,
  culture, government

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• J. Religious Reform and Evolution
• 1. Gregorian reform, 11th century Church had
  become too secular
• a. Based in monasteries helped spread the
  message
• b. Gregory VII Separation of secular and
  religious sphereschurch, not political
  leaders, would appoint officials
• K. Later Middle Ages
• 1. As the middle ages came to a close, the
  feudal way of life had to mesh with growing
  cities and trade. This would lead to a new
  period called The Renaissance.

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• II. Culture of the West after the Fall of Rome
• A. Church Doctrine Faith vs. Reason
• 1. Exploration of Greek philosophy,
• especially Aristotle
• Why would this be a problem for the religious
  community of the middle ages?
• 2. Peter Abelard, 12th century
• a. Rational examination of doctrine showed
  inconsistency in church teachings
• 3. Debate in universities fueled by new info
  from the Middle East
• 4. Thomas Aquinas
• a. Summas Reason and Faith can coexist

Christianity was the dominant part of
Western European Culture!!
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• B. Religion of the People
• 1. Devotion grew during the middle ages
• C. Religious Influences
• 1. Romanesque architecture
• a. Fortress-likehigh, small windows
• 2. Gothic 11th Centuryopen, high arches
• 3. Literature
• a. e.g. Song of Roland
• b. Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales
• c. Troubadours traveling entertainers

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• III. Economy and Society Changes
• A. Rural living begins to change
• 1. Peasants gain over timeincreased
  agricultural technology helped
• B. Trade Returns to Western Europe
• 1. Commerce expands
• a. Mediterranean zone joined with
  North Sea, Baltic Sea
• 2. Money replaces barter
• 3. Banking grows

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• 4. Hanseatic League
• a. Northern Germany, southern
  Scandinavia
• 5. Merchants relatively free
• a. But relatively low status
• 6. Guilds
• a. Craft associations
• b. Protect markets
• c. Ensure standards
• d. Social role
• C. Limited Role for Women
• 1. Overall, lose ground
• 2. Some opportunities as nuns

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• IV. End of the Middle Ages After 1300

Widespread warfare from 1300 to 1500 --Hundred
Years War --Weakens feudal order
Bubonic Plague (Black Death) --1348
Population outstrips agriculture --Leads to
famines