Masticatory Gnathological system

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Masticatory / Gnathological system

• Masticatory
• Pertaining to chewing
• Gnathology
• Science that deals with anatomy, histology,
  physiology, pathology of the jaws and masticatory
  system as a whole, including the applicable
  diagnostic, therapeutic and rehabilitative
  procedures

Frontal view
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Sagittal view of skull Jaws Maxilla
non-movable Mandible - movable
Temporomandibular jt
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Determination of age from teeth present
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Maxillary ANTERIOR
Mandibular ANTERIOR
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Anterior Teeth

• Maxillary
• Central Incisor (2 right and left)
• Lateral Incisor (2 right and left)
• Canine (2 right and left)
• Mandibular
• Central Incisor (2 right and left)
• Lateral Incisor (2 right and left)
• Canine (2 right and left)

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Maxillary PreMolars
Mandibular PreMolars
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Posterior Teeth - PreMolars

• Maxillary
• 1st Premolar (2 right and left)
• 2nd Premolar (2 right and left)
• Mandibular
• 1st Premolar (2 right and left)
• 2nd Premolar (2 right and left)

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Maxillary Molars
Mandibular Molars
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Posterior Teeth - Molars

• Maxillary
• 1st Molar (2 right and left)
• 2nd Molar (2 right and left)
• 3rd Molar (Wisdom tooth) (2 right and left)
• Mandibular
• 1st Molar(2 right and left)
• 2nd Molar (2 right and left)
• 3rd Molar (Wisdom tooth) (2 right and left)

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Division

• Arches
• Maxillary Mandibular
• Quadrants
• Maxillary Arch Mandibular
  Arch
• Right quadrant Right
  quadrant
• Left quadrant Left
  quadrant
• Sextants
• Maxillary Arch Mandibular
  Arch
• Right posterior sextant Right posterior
  sextant
• Anterior sextant
  Anterior sextant
• Left posterior sextant Left
  posterior sextant

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Maxillary Arch
12
Maxillary Arch
Max Right quadrant
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Maxillary Arch
Max Left quadrant
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Maxillary Arch
Max Left Posterior sextant
Max Right Posterior sextant
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Incisal (ant) Occlusal (post) CROWN
coronal ROOT radicular APEX
apical
Cervical line
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Right Midline
Left
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Right Midline
Left
Mesial towards midine Distal Away from
midline
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Right Midline
Left
M D
M D
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Right
Left
8 9 7
10 6
11 5
4 3
14 2
15 1 -missing
missing 16


UNIVERSAL SYSTEM

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Mandible numbering system
32 missing missing
17
31
18 30
19
29
28
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21 27
22 26
25/24 23
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Name / number the teeth Using Universal System
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More terminology

• Views / aspects of teeth
• Facial
• Lingual
• Mesial (a proximal surface)
• Distal ( a proximal surface)
• Occlusal (posterior) / Incisal (anterior)

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8 Facial View
midline
DISTAL
MESIAL
INCISAL
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Apical

Mesial
Distal Incisal

APICAL MIDDLE CERVICAL CERVICAL MIDDLE INCI
SAL
25

Apical
Mesial
Middle Distal
Incisal
middle
Mesial Middle Distal
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Proximal View
Apical Facial Middle
Lingual Cervical
Cervical Facial Middle
Lingual Incisal
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Contact areas

• Area on proximal surface of a tooth either M or
  D when teeth are in good alignment which
  touches adjacent tooth

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Maxillary Incisors

• Purpose
• Along with mandibular incisors
• Esthetics
• Phonetics - speech
• Incising / cutting

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Information and Photos with black background
Tooth Atlas
Information with asterisk from Tooth Atlas CD
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5 views of teeth

• Facial
• Labial (anterior)
• Buccal (posteriors)
• Lingual
• Mesial
• Distal
• Incisal / Occlusal
• Ant / posterior

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Maxillary Central - 8 - Facial view

• CrownRoot - 11mm 13 mm
• M-Inc Corner - 90 degrees
• D-Inc Corner - rounded
• M contact - Incisal
• D contact - Junction
  (Incisal/Middle)

D M
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Maxillary Central - 8 - Facial view

• Size
• MD widest ANT tooth
• Inc-Cerv longest Crown
• M outline straight
• D outline sltly rounded

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Maxillary Central - 8 - Lingual view

• Marginal ridges (MR)
• MMR gt DMR
• Moderately pronounced
• Cingulum
• Moderately pronounced
• D located
• Fossa
• Moderate depth

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Maxillary Central - 8 - Mesial view

• Incisal Edge sltly F to .
  root axis
• Facial surface flat
• CEJ (cervical line) deeper on M
• Root
• M surface flat w/ depression
• (D surface convex w/ no depression)

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Maxillary Central - 8 - Distal view

• Incisal Edge sltly F to .
  root axis
• Facial surface flat
• CEJ (cervical line) deeper on M
• Root
• M surface flat w/ depression
• (D surface convex w/ no depression)

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Maxillary Central - 8 - Incisal view

• Geometric
• Triangular
• MD gt FL
• Facial
• flat
• Cingulum
• Distal location

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Maxillary Lateral IncisorMost variable ANTERIOR
tooth
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Maxillary Lateral - 7 - Facial view

• CrownRoot - 10mm 13 mm
• M-Inc Corner - rounded
• D-Inc Corner - v. rounded
• M contact - Junction
• D contact - Middle
  (Incisal/Middle)

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Maxillary Lateral - 7 - Facial view

• Size
• MD smaller than CI
• Inc-Cerv shorter CI
• M outline rounded
• D outline v. rounded

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Maxillary Lateral - 7 - Lingual view

• Marginal ridges (MR)
• MMR gt DMR
• Moderately pronounced
• More than CI
• Cingulum
• More pronounced than CI
• Centered
• Fossa
• Moderate depth
• Pits / groove variation

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Maxillary Lateral - 7 - Mesial view

• Incisal Edge sltly F to .
  root axis
• Facial surface more rnd
• CEJ (cervical line) deeper on M
• Root
• M surface flat w/ depression
• (D surface flat / no depression)

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Maxillary Lateral - 7 - Distal view

• Incisal Edge sltly F to .
  root axis
• Facial surface more rnd
• CEJ (cervical line) deeper on M
• Root
• M surface flat w/ depression
• (D surface flat / no depression)

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Maxillary Lateral - 7 - Incisal view

• Geometric
• Rnded
• MD gt FL
• Facial
• rnd
• Cingulum
• Centered

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More terminology

• Enamel
• Dentin
• Cementum
• Pulp
• Pulp chamber
• Pulp canal

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Mandibular Central - 24/25 - Facial view

• CrownRoot - 913
• M-Inc Corner - sharp 900
• D-Inc Corner - sharp 900
• M contact - inc 1/3
• D contact - inc 1/3
• Same level
• Bilaterally symmetrical

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Mandibular Central - 24/25 - Facial view

• Size
• MD v small
• Smallest tooth in mouth
• M outline straight
• D outline straight
• Incisal edge straight
• Root long
• curves to D

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Mandibular Central - 24/25 - Lingual view

• Marginal ridges (MR)
• Not pronounced
• Cingulum
• centered
• Fossa
• Very shallow

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Mandibular Central - 24/25 - Lingual view

• Root tapers to lingual
• Bilaterally symmetrical

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Mandibular Central - 24/25 - Mesial view

• Incisal Edge
• L to root axis line
• Facial surface/ profile
• flat
• CEJ (cervical line) deeper on M
• Root
• M surface depression
• (D surface more depression)

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Mandibular Central - 24/25 - Distal view

• Incisal Edge
• L to root axis line
• Facial surface/ profile
• flat
• CEJ (cervical line) deeper on M
• Root
• (M surface depression)
• D surface more depression

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Mandibular Central - 24/25 - Incisal view

• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Incisal edge
• _I_ FL line bisecting tooth
• MD ltFL

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Mandibular Central - 24/25 - Incisal view

• Tapers to L
• Facial - flat
• Lingual anatomy
• Shallow indistinct
• Cingulum
• Centered

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Mandibular Lateral - 23/26 - Facial view

• CrownRoot - 9 13 mm
• Larger than 24 / 25
• M-Inc Corner - sharp
• D-Inc Corner - less sharp
• M contact - Incisal
• D contact - Incisal (more cervical

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Mandibular Lateral - 23/26 - Facial view

• Size
• MD larger than 24/25
• M outline straight
• D outline straight
• M slightly longer than distal
• Incisal edge slants D
• NOT Bilaterally symmetrical

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Mandibular Lateral - 23/26 - Lingual view

• Marginal ridges (MR)
• MMR gt DMR
• Not pronounced
• Cingulum
• D located
• Fossa
• Shallow
• Root
• tapers to L

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Mandibular Lateral - 23/26 - Mesial view

• Incisal Edge
• sltly L to root axis
• Facial surface
• flat
• CEJ
• deeper on M
• Root
• M surface depression
• (D surface more of a depression)

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Mandibular Lateral - 23/26 - Distal view

• Incisal Edge
• sltly L to root axis
• Facial surface
• flat
• CEJ
• deeper on M
• Root
• M surface depression
• D surface more of a depression

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Mandibular Lateral - 23/26 - Incisal view

• NOT Bilaterally symmetrical
• Incisal edge
• Slight twist to distal
• Follows arch
• MD ltFL
• Wider MD than CI

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Mandibular Lateral - 23/26 - Incisal view

• NOT Bilaterally symmetrical
• Incisal edge
• Slight twist to distal
• Follows arch
• MD ltFL
• Wider MD than CI

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Mandibular Lateral - 23/26 - Incisal view

• Tapers to L
• Facial - flat
• Lingual anatomy
• Shallow indistinct
• Cingulum
• Distal
• Distal TWIST

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More terminology

• Line angles
• A line angle is formed at the junction of 2
  surfaces
• And named by combining the names of the surfaces

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Line angles anterior teeth

• Tooth 26
• Mesial surface
• Facial surface

MESIO_FACIAL Line angle
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Line angles anterior teeth

• Tooth 24/25
• Mesial surface
• Lingual surface

MESIO-Lingual Line angle
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Point angle

• A point angle is formed at the junction of 3
  surfces
• Named by combining the names of the surfaces

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Point angles anterior teeth

• Mandibular incisor
• Mesial
• Lingual
• Incisal

Mesio-linguo-incisal Point angle
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Dental Anatomy and Masticatory Dynamics

• Maxillary and Mandibular Canines
• Posterior Teeth Terminology

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Maxillary and Mandibular Canines

• 4 teeth 6 11 (26.3 mm)
• 27 22 (25.9 mm)
• Longest teeth
• longest roots (max gt mand)
• Thick roots (FL)
• Cusp (vs incisal edge)
• Facial Surface - Ridge

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Maxillary and Mandibular Canines

• Crown Dimensions (mm) from INC View
• FL MD
• Max 8.1 gt 7.6 (0.5)
• Mand 7.7 gt 6.8 (0.9)

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Maxillary and Mandibular Canines

• Crown Dimensions (mm) from INC
• FL MD
• Max 8.1 gt 7.6 (0.5)
• Mand 7.7 gt 6.8 (0.9)
• (illustrate later incisal view)
• Function
• w/ incisors
• Support lip facial muscles
• Cut, pierce, shear food
• Guideposts
• Lateral excursions long large roots w/
  depression

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Maxillary Canines

• Longest teeth
• Cusp
• Most stable tooth
• Aesthetically important canine eminence
• Function guidepost functional lingual surface

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Maxillary Canine ( 6) 11Facial View

• CrownRoot
• 10.6 mm 16.5 mm (Woelfel)
• 10 mm17mm (Wheeler)
• Longest root (17 mm)
• Cusp in line with root axis
• Cusp tip
• Cusp 105 0 angle
• Cutting arms ridges- slopes
• M lt D slope
• Cusp tip 1/3 of tooth

D
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Maxillary Canine ( 6) 11Facial View

• M outline
• convex in middle
• Flat in cervical
• D outline - S
• Convex in middle stretched distally
• Concave in cervical

D
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Maxillary Canine ( 6) 11Facial View

• M outline
• convex in middle
• Flat in cervical
• D outline - S
• Convex in middle stretched distally
• Concave in cervical
• M contact - jt
• D contact - middle

D
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Maxillary Canine ( 6) 11Facial View

• Labial ridge
• Depressions on either side
• Follows root axis
• In mouth mesial inclination
• Size
• MD - 7.6 mm ( 8 mm)
• Inc-Cerv
• longest tooth

D
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Facial / Labial ridge
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Maxillary Canine ( 6) 11 Lingual View

• Marginal ridges
• Mod pronounced
• MMR gt DMR (length)
• DMR gt MMR (elevation)
• Lingual ridge
• Prominent (more prom than MR)
• Extends from cingulum to -gt cusp tip
• L Ridge gt DMR gt MMR (elev)

D
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Maxillary Canine ( 6) 11 Lingual View

• Fossae
• 2 M D
• Cingulum
• Centered
• large
• Root
• Tapers to L
• Wear facets

D
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Maxillary Canine ( 6) 11 Mesial View

• Cusp Tip position
• More F
• Wide/ Broad tooth FL
• Facial surface
• Labial - Convex labial ridge
• Lingual slightly concave but lingual ridge
  
• CEJ (cervical line)

F
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Maxillary Canine 6/ 11 Mesial View

• Crown
• thick (comp to max ci)
• Root
• Broad/ thick
• M surface depression
• D surface depression - more

F
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Maxillary Canine 6/ 11 Distal View

• Cusp tip
• Facial surface
• CEJ (cervical line)
• Root
• Broad/ thick
• M surface depression
• D surface depression - more

F
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Maxillary Canine 6/ 11 Incisal View

• FL MD
• Max 8.1 gt 7.6 (0.5)

F
D
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Maxillary Canine 6/ 11 Incisal View

• Geometric
• Cusp tip
• facial
• M lt D (cutting arm)
• relatively straight
• Facial
• F Ridge prominent
• depressions
• Cingulum

F
D
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Maxillary Canine 6/ 11 Incisal View
F

• M Profile
• convex
• D Profile
• Stretched with Distal pinch
• Cingulum
• Large
• Centrally located
• L ridge prominent

D
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Mandibular Canine 22/ 27Facial View

• M outline
• Straight mesial profile
• Crown does not bulge past root outline
• D outline
• Crown appears to slightly bend to D
• Contact areas
• M - Incisal 3rd
• D - Junction

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Mandibular Canine 22/ 27 Lingual View

• Lingual Ridge
• Less pronounced than max
• Fossae
• shallow
• Marginal ridges
• Less pronounced
• MMR gt DMR (length)
• DMR gt MMR (elevation)
• DMR gt L ridge gt MMR
• Cingulum
• Less pronounced
• Located - Distally (centered)
• Root
• Tapers to L

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Mandibular Canine 22/ 27 Mesial View

• Cusp tip
• Lingual to root axis
• Facial profile
• Convex (less than max)
• CEJ (cervical line)
• Root
• M surface depression
• (D surface more depression)

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Mandibular Canine 22/ 27 Distal View

• Cusp tip
• Lingual to root axis
• Facial profile
• Convex (less than max)
• CEJ (cervical line)
• Root
• (M surface depression)
• D surface more depression

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Mandibular Canine 22/ 27 Incisal View

• Dimensions
• MD lt FL
• 6.8 7.7
• More symmetrical than max
• Facial
• Less prom F Ridge
• Cingulum
• Small
• Distal / centered

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Mandibular Canine 22/ 27 Incisal View

• Cusp tip
• Lingual root axis
• M lt D cusp slope
• Cutting arms - not Straight
• M straight
• D angled to follow arch

Cusp tip
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Mandibular Caninemost likely ANTERIOR tooth to
have 2 root canals
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Dental Anatomy and Masticatory Dynamics

• Posterior Teeth Terminology

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Posterior Teeth - Terminology

• Cusp
• Cusp tip
• Cuspal Ridges
• Mesial Distal cusp ridges
• Facial Lingual (canine)
• Facial (Lingual) Occlusal ridges

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Max Premolar - 5
F
Name cusps Identify ridges
M
L
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Name cusps Identify ridges
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Posterior Teeth - Terminology

• Other ridges
• Cervical ridges
• Marginal ridges
• Triangular ridge
• Transverse ridge
• Oblique ridge

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Posterior Teeth - Terminology

• Other ridges
• Cervical ridges ridge running MD on cervical
  3rd of Facial surface
• On all deciduous teeth
• On posterior permanent teeth
• Marginal ridges
• Triangular ridge
• Transverse ridge
• Oblique ridge

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Posterior Teeth - Terminology

• Other ridges
• Marginal ridges MD borders
• Anteriors // to long axis of tooth lingual
  surface
• Posteriors _I_ to long axis occlusal surface
• Triangular ridge
• Transverse ridge
• Oblique ridge

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Posterior Teeth - Terminology

• Other ridges
• Triangular ridge (discussed under cusp)
• Ridge of cusp to center of tooth
• All cusps of posterior teeth have 1 triangular
  ridge, except ML of Max 1st M which has 2
  triangular ridges (Woelfel)
• Transverse ridge
• Oblique ridge

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Terminology

• Cusps
• Peak / point on occ surface (incisal surface of
  canines)
• Cusp tip
• Pointy part
• Cuspal ridges 4
• M D (cutting arms)
• F L (triangular ridges)

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Terminology

• Cuspal ridges 4
• M D (cutting arms)
• F L
• Occ Ridge consists of
• 2 Incline planes
• (triangular ridges)

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Id triangular ridges
108
Exception - ML cusp of Max M 2 Triangular
ridges
14
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Posterior Teeth - Terminology

• Other ridges
• Transverse ridge
• Ridge running across the occlusal surface of
  posterior teeth FL
• Made of 2 triangular ridges
• Oblique ridge

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Id transverse ridges
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Posterior Teeth - Terminology

• Other ridges
• Oblique ridge
• Ridge found only on max molars
• Made of triangular ridges connecting obliquely
• Runs obliquely from ML - DB

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Posterior Teeth TerminologyDepressions and
grooves

• Developmental Groove
• Supplemental Groove
• Fossa/Fossae
• Pits

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Depressions and grooves

• Developmental Groove
• Sharply defined, narrow and linear depression
  formed during tooth development which separates
  lobes or major portions of tooth
• Important as escapeways for food
• Named according to location
• i.e. central groove, facial groove, lingual
  groove
• Fissure
• Narrow channel, cleft, (sometimes deep) formed at
  depth of developmental groove formed dufring
  development extending toward pulp
• Decay often begins here

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Terminology

• Grooves
• Defined linear depressions separating lobes /
  major portions of teeth
• CENTRAL
• LINGUAL
• MesioFacial
• DistoFacial

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Terminology

• Preparation

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Depressions and grooves

• Supplemental Groove
• Small, irregularly places grooves, not at
  junctions of lobes
• Fossa/Fossae
• Pits

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Depressions and grooves

• Developmental Groove
• Supplemental Groove
• Fossa/Fossae
• Depression / hollow
• Found on L of anteriors occlusal of posteriors
• Pits

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Terminology

• Fossae
• Depressions / hollow
• Central
• Mesial triangular
• Distal triangular

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Depressions and grooves

• Developmental Groove
• Supplemental Groove
• Fossa/Fossae
• Pits
• Occur (often) at depth of a fossa where 2 / more
  grooves join or termination of a groove
• Also site for decay process to begin

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Terminology

• Pits
• Fault or depression formed at intersection of
  2/more grooves/ end of single groove

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Premolars

• Succedaneous
• FL gt MD
• max PM1 9.0 7.0
• max PM2 9.0 7.0
• mand PM1 7.5 7.0
• mand PM2 8.0 7.0
• Occlusal surface 2 cusps (at least)
• Roots 1 (except max 1st pm)
• Function
• canine shearing tearing
• support corners of mouth
• molars mastication
• maintain vertical dimension

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Max PM2 - 4 and 13

• Very similar to PM1
• The middle aged version of a max PM
• Shorter
• Rounded shoulders
• Wrinkled occlusal surface
• Next set of slides
• Review pm1 then pm2

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Maxillary PM1 5 ( 12)Facial View

• CrownRoot
• 8.613.4 (woelfel)
• 1 1.6 ratio
• F Cusp
• sltly D to root axis
• M slope gt D slope (Variation)
• Cusp sharper than PM2
• Prominent F ridge

D
M
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Maxillary PM2 ( 4) 13Facial View

• CrownRoot
• 7.7 14.0 mm (woelfel)
• 1 1.8 ratio
• Root almost 2x crown length
• F Cusp
• sltly M to root axis
• M slope lt D slope (Rule)
• Cusp less sharp than PM1
• F ridge less prominent

M
D
M
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Maxillary PM1 5 ( 12)Facial View

• Narrow at cej
• Concave at M (cej) and D (cej)
• Strong shoulders
• 2 mm difference (cejshoulders
• Shoulders Jt of cusp slope proximal surface)
• M outline
• convex in middle
• D outline -
• Convex in middle

D
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Maxillary PM2 ( 4) 13Facial View

• Broader at cej
• (comp to PM1)
• Shoulders
• less prominent
• M outline
• convex in middle
• D outline -
• Convex in middle

D
127
Maxillary PM1 5 ( 12)Lingual view

• Narrower on ling
• See prox surfaces
• MR height
• MMR more occ DMR
• L cusp
• Mesial location
• Shorter 1 mm

D
M
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Maxillary PM2 ( 4) 13Lingual View

• Narrower on ling
• Less than PM1
• See prox surfaces less
• MR height
• MMR more occ DMR
• L cusp
• Mesial location
• Shorter (not as short as PM1)

M
D
M
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Maxillary PM2 ( 4) 13Lingual View
M
D
M
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Maxillary PM1 5 ( 12)Mesial View

• Crown
• trapezoidal
• Cusps
• F gt L (taller)
• Centered over root
• Occlusal table centered over root
• DESCRIBE OCC VIEW

F
131
Maxillary PM2 4 ( 13)Mesial View

• Crown
• trapezoidal
• Cusps
• F gt L (taller)
• Centered over root
• Occlusal table centered over root
• DESCRIBE OCC VIEW

F
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Maxillary PM1 5 ( 12)Mesial View

• Mesial Marginal Groove
• Hts of contour
• F ging 3rd always
• Lingual
• Max L
• Anterior ging
• PMs middle
• Molars middle

F
133
Maxillary PM1 5 ( 12)Mesial View

• Root
• Root trunk
• Bifurcation
• Intra-radicular depression /groove

F
134
Maxillary PM2 4 ( 13)Mesial View

• Root - single

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Maxillary PM1 5 ( 12)Mesial View

• Key characteristic
• Mesial
• coronal depression in cervical third
• Extends onto root surface
• M depression gt D

F
136
Maxillary PM1 4 ( 13)- kraus Mesial View

• Key characteristic
• Mesial
• NO coronal depression in cervical third
• M depression lt D

F
137
Maxillary PM1 5 ( 12)Mesial Lingual View

• Key characteristics
• 2 ROOTS
• 2 ROOT CNANALS (90)
• 61 2 ROOTS
• 38 1 ROOT
• 1 3 ROOTS

F
138
Maxillary PM1 5 ( 12)DISTAL View

• Crown
• No Marginal Groove
• No depression
• Root
• Depression on root
• M gt D Depression

F
139
Maxillary PM2 4 ( 13)DISTAL View

• Crown
• No Marginal Groove
• No depression
• Root
• Depression on root
• M gt D Depression

F
140
Maxillary PM1 5 ( 12)Occlusal View

• Occlusal view
• Method
• Geometric outline
• Cusp tip location
• Marginal ridges
• Occlusal table outline
• Ridges cutting arms/ triangular/ transverse
• Fossa/ae
• Pits
• Grooves
• Special features

D
141
Maxillary PM1 5 ( 12)Occlusal View

• Geometric outline
• HEXAGONAL
• TAPERED HEXAGON
• Cusp tip location
• over crown /root trunk
• F cusp D slightly
• L cusp M location
• Marginal ridges
• MMR lt DMR
• to L

D
142
Maxillary PM1 5 ( 12)Occlusal View

• Occlusal table outline
• Cutting arms MR
• trapezoidal
• Ridges triangular/ transverse
• 2 Triangular Ridges -gt
• Transverse Ridge
• Fossa/ae
• Mesial
• Distal

M
D
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Maxillary PM1 5 ( 12)Occlusal View

• Pits
• M pit
• D pit
• Grooves
• Central groove
• Mpit D pit
• MMG
• Over MMR
• Special features

D
144
Max PM2 - occlusal

• Geometric outline
• OVAL
• Cusp tip location
• over crown /root trunk
• F cusp M slightly
• L cusp M location
• Marginal ridges
• MMR DMR
• less taper to L

145
Max PM2 Occlusal 13

• Occlusal table outline
• Cutting arms MR
• Rectangular
• Slightly trapezoidal
• Ridges triangular/ transverse
• 2 Triangular Ridges -gt
• Transverse Ridge
• Fossa/ae
• Mesial
• Distal

M
146
Max PM2 Occlusal 13

• Pits
• M pit
• D pit
• Grooves
• Central groove
• M pit D pit
• NO MMG
• Special features
• Wrinkled
• Supplemental grooves

147
(No Transcript)
148
(No Transcript)
149
Dental Anatomy and Masticatory Dynamics

• Mandibular Premolars

150
Mandibular premolars

• 1st 2nd do not resemble each other as much as
  max pm
• FL gt MD (not as much as max)
• FL gt MD
• max PM1 9.0 7.0
• max PM2 9.0 7.0
• mand PM1 7.5 7.0
• mand PM2 8.0 7.0
• Mand PM1 transition tooth
• ant - posterior
• Max canine transition
• Proximal crown - rhomboidal tilted
• PM1 more than PM2
• From Facial crown also appears tilted

151
Mandibular PM1 (21, 28)Facial View

• CrownRoot
• 8.814.4 (woelfel)
• 1 1.6 ratio
• F Cusp
• sltly M to root axis
• M slope lt D slope
• Almost symmetrical appearance - sim to Canine

M
152
Mandibular PM1 (21, 28)Facial View

• Cusp
• Sharper than PM2
• 110 0 (PM!) vs 130 0 (PM2)
• M Notch (65-85 )
• Prominent F ridge
• Narrow cervix
• Crown tilts to D from root

153
Mandibular PM1 (21, 28)Lingual View

• Lingual tells all
• Both cusps visible
• F and L
• L Cusp
• Very small
• pointy
• ML Groove
• 67 (woelfel)
• 75 (kraus)

154
Mandibular PM1 (21, 28)Lingual View

• Transverse ridge also visible
• MMR lt DMR (ht)
• MMR more cervical than DMR
• Root narrower on lingual

155
Mandibular PM1 (21, 28)Mesial View

• Rhomboidal
• Crown tilts to L
• F cusp
• centered
• 3mm difference in ht
• L cusp
• in line w/ root

156
Mandibular PM1 (21, 28)Mesial View

• Transverse ridge
• prominent
• Triangular ridge of F cusp
• Slopes 45 0 to long axis
• Triangular ridge of L cusp
• Parallel to horizontal

157
Mandibular PM1 (21, 28)Mesial View

• Occlusal table -
• Not centered over root
• MMR
• 45 0 to long axis of tooth
• Shorter than DMR
• More cervical than DMR
• ML groove (when present)

158
Mandibular PM1 (21, 28)Mesial View

• Root
• Single
• Furcated root possible
• Root depressions
• M (50) lt D depression (86)
• More often not necessarily deeper

159
Mandibular PM1 (21, 28)Distal View

• DMR _I_ long axis
• See less occlusal surface
• Root
• Single
• Furcated root possible
• Root depressions
• M (50) lt D depression (86)
• More often not necessarily deeper

160
Mandibular PM1 (20, 29)Occlusal view

• Occlusal view
• Method
• Geometric outline
• Cusp tip location
• Marginal ridges
• Occlusal table outline
• Ridges cutting arms/ triangular/ transverse
• Fossa/ae
• Pits
• Grooves
• Special features

M
161
Mandibular PM2 (20, 29)Facial View

• CrownRoot
• 8.214.7 (woelfel)
• 1 1.8 ratio
• Root almost twice the crown
• F Cusp
• Blunter / More obtuse 130 0 vs (110 0 PM1)
• D notch (66)
• F cusp
• V. sltly M to root axis
• M slope lt D

162
Mandibular PM2 (20, 29)Facial View

• Almost NO F ridge
• Wider cervix
• Root ! 2 mm wider
• Therefore, appears thicker

163
Mandibular PM2 (20, 29)Lingual View 2 types
3 cusp type and 2 cusp type

• MD dimension wide
• As wide / wider than F
• ML cusp gt DL
• Lingual groove onto L surface slightly
• MMR gt DMR (ht)
• Root tapers slightly to L

• Tapers to L
• L cusp
• Mesial / centered
• Lingual depression
• (sometimes) between DMR and L cusp
• MMR gt DMR (ht)
• Root tapers slightly to L

164
Mandibular PM2 (20, 29)Lingual View 2 types
3 cusp type and 2 cusp type
165
Mandibular PM2 (20, 29)Mesial View

• Rhomboidal proximal
• L cusp
• In line with root
• F cusp not centered
• 1/3
• Root
• M depressions not as likely
• D depression 70

166
Mandibular PM2 (20, 29)Distal View

• DMR more cervical
• See more occ from D
• Root
• M depressions not as likely
• D depression 70

167
PM 2 2 cusp type
168
PM 2 3 cusp type
169
PM 1 tooth atlas
170
Dental Anatomy and Masticatory Dynamics

• Mandibular Molars

171
Mandibular MolarsGeneral Characteristics

• mandibular molars comprised up to 51 of the
  mandibular arch
• oblong tooth (MDgtFL dimension)
• occlusal surface (MDgtFL)
• tapers to lingual and distal

172
Mandibular MolarsGeneral Characteristics

• generally 4 major cusps (sometimes a 5th minor
  cusp)
• 2 roots (mesial and distal root trunk is shorter
  than root trunk of maxillary molars)
• tilt of crown root to the distal crown tilts
  to the lingual

173
Mand 1st Molar 19 / 30

• MD greatest of all teeth
• ( 11 mm)
• 5 cusps
• ML, DL, MF, DF, D
• (longest to shortest)
• 2 roots
• M and D
• (2X crown length)

174
Mand 1st Molar 19 / 30Facial

• 3 facial cusp (gt 80)
• ML, DL, MF, DF, D
• (longest to shortest)
• 2 roots
• M and D
• (2X crown length)

175
Mand 1st Molar 19 / 30Facial

• Cusps visible all 5
• Grooves
• MB often ends in pit
• DB can end in pit
• Roots
• M 1mm longer than D
• widely separated
• Contact Areas
• M J Occ/Middle
• D - Middle

176
Mand 1st Molar 19 / 30Facial

• Apex of M root in line or just distal to MB
  groove
• Root trunk (cervapical) shorter than Max M
• M1 root trunk lt M2
• Root depression
• Cervical line
• straight
• dips apically (Asian population 90)

177
Mand 1st Molar - 19 / 30- Lingual

• Tapers to L
• Cusps visible
• ML, DL, D (of Facial)
• Lingual groove
• No pit
• Root depression on root trunk

178
Mand 1st Molar - 19 / 30- Lingual

• Cervical line
• Straight /dip
• More occlusal
• Root trunk on L appears longer than on F
• Possible to see M of M root
• and D of D root

179
Mand 1st Molar - 19 /30 Mesial

• Cusps
• MB and ML
• M Root
• broad
• Depression (2 canals)
• Blunt root apex

Hts of contour F Cervical L Middle
180
Mand 1st Molar - 19 /30Distal

• Cusps visible 5
• Roots visible 2
• More convex root
• Can have 2 canals
• depression

• Lingual and D tilt of crown to root

181
Mand 1st Molar - 19 / 30 - Occlusal

• Cusps 5
• Geometric outline
• Pentagonal
• MR
• M 2x size of D
• Triangular ridges
• 5
• Transverse ridges

182
Mand 1st Molar - 19 / 30 - Occlusal

• Fossae and Pits
• Central
• Mesial
• Distal
• Grooves
• MF
• DF
• Central
• Lingual

183
(No Transcript)
184
Mand 1st Molar - 19 / 30 - Occlusal
185
Mand 2nd Molar - 18 / 31 Facial

• Cusps 4
• ML, DB (taller)
• MB, DB
• Facial groove
• Can end in pit
• 2 roots
• M and D

186
Mand 2nd Molar - 18 / 31 Facial

• Contact areas
• M J Occ/Middle
• D - Middle
• Lingual and distal tilt
• Cervical line
• Straight
• Can dip apically

187
Mand 2nd Molar - Facial

• Roots
• Closer together than M1
• Parallel
• M root longer and wider
• Depression on root trunk longer than M1
• Root trunk larger than M1

188
Mand 2nd Molar - 18 / 31 Lingual

• Cusps
• M and L
• Lingual groove
• No pit
• More of a depression

189
Mand 2nd Molar - 18 / 31 Mesial

• Cusps
• MB and ML
• Root
• Broad (less than M1)
• Depression
• Apical more pointed than M1
• Hts of contours less pronounced
• F - Cervical
• L - Middle

190
Mand 2nd Molar - 18 / 31 Distal

• Cusps 4
• DL, DF, ML, MF
• Roots
• M and D
• D convex
• Hts of contour less pronounced than M1
• F - Cervical
• L - Middle

191
Mand 2nd Molar - 18 / 31 Occlusal

• Cusps 4
• Geometric outline
• rectangular
• MR
• M size of D
• Triangular ridges
• 4
• Transverse ridges

Mesial
192
Mand 2nd Molar - 18 / 31 Occlusal

• Fossae and Pits
• Central
• Mesial
• Distal
• Grooves -
• F
• L
• Central

Mesial
193
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194
Mand 2nd Molar - Occlusal

• 2 roots
• 3 root canals
• M1 4 canals - 35
• M2 4 canals- 8

195
Dental Anatomy and Masticatory Dynamics

• Maxillary Molars

196
Maxillary MolarsGeneral Characteristics

• Maxillary molars (including 3rd M) comprise up to
  44 of the maxillary quadrant
• If 1st molars gone loss of 80 mm2 chewing
  surface
• Parallelogram ( MD lt FL dimension) M1
  10 mm 11 mm
• M2 10 mm 11 mm
• 3. tapers to lingual and distal
• except maxillary 1st M

197
Maxillary MolarsGeneral Characteristics

• 4. generally 4 major cusps
• Oblique ridge
• 3 roots Palatal gt MF gt DF
• About 2 X length of crown
• root trunk is longer than than root trunk of
  mandibular molars
• No tilt of crown root to the distal
• No crown tilts to the lingual

198
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14

• Crown Root
• 7.5 13.7 (P)
• 12.9 (MF)
• 12.2 (DF)
• 4 cusps
• MFgtDF (ML sometimes)
• visible
• ML, MB, DF, DL
• (longest to shortest)
• 3 roots
• Palgt MF gt DF
• (2X crown length)

199
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 Facial

• Crown width root width for many M1
• 3 roots
• Pal gt MF gt DF
• MF DF plier handle
• (2X crown length)

200
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 Facial

MB root apex in line w/ B groove Distal to B
groove Cervical line Straight / dip Root
trunk depression
201
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 Facial

• Grooves
• B end in pit (sometimes)
• Roots
• Palgt.75mm longer MB
• MB gt .75 mm longer DB
• Root trunk
• big
• depression
• Contact Areas
• M Occ
• D Middle
• Distal surface
• convex
• cej - flat

202
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 - Lingual

• Does NOT Taper to L
• Cusps visible
• ML gt DL
• ML largest and highest
• Cusp of Carabelli
• Von Carabelli
• Austrian dentist 1842
• 2 mm cervical to ML cusp tip

203
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 - Lingual

• Lingual groove
• Cont with L depression on root
• Can end in pit
• Cont with D Oblique groove of Occ
• Root depression on root

204
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 - Lingual

• Very wide MD
• MD (L) gt MD (F)
• Cervical line
• Straight /dip

205
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 Mesial

• Cusps
• ML, MF
• Cusp of Carabelli
• Roots
• MF palatal
• Palatal extends beyond Crown outline

206
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 Mesial

• Pal root
• Wide FL
• Depression-2 root canals
• Tubercles - MR
• Hts of contour
• F Cervical
• L Middle

207
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 Distal

• Cusps visibleall
• MF, ML, DL, DF
• Roots visible all
• Pal, MF, DF
• Few tubercles on MR

208
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 Distal

• NO Lingual and D tilt of crown to root

209
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 - Occlusal

• Cusps 4 cusps
• Geometric outline
• Rhomboidal
• ML obtuse angle
• MF acute angle

210
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 - Occlusal

• MMRgtDMR
• Occ table to be discussed
• Ridges
• Triangular ridges
• ML 2
• MF -1
• DF 1
• DL - 1

211
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 - Occlusal

• Ridges
• Oblique ridge
• ML-DB
• Transverse ridge
• ML - MF

212
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 - Occlusal

• Fossae
• Central (central pit)
• Mesial (mesial pit)
• Distal (Oblique) (elongated)
• Distal (triangular)- tiny (distal pit)

213
Max 1st Molar 3 / 14 - Occlusal

• Grooves
• F
• Central
• Distal Oblique
• Onto Lingual surface - L
• Transverse groove of Oblique ridge
• Stuart groove
• Groove of cusp of carabelli

214
(No Transcript)
215
M1 Cusp of Carabelli
216
Root depressions

• M1 M2
• Max
• Root trunk lg dep lger
  dep
• Roots c dep MF (m/d)
• Pal
• Mand
• Root trunk F v.short dep short
  dep
• L (more) dep
  (more) dep
• Roots c dep M (m/d ) M (m/d )
• M1 M2

217
Max 2nd Molar - 2 types

• 4 cusp type
• 3 cusp type (missing DL cusp)
• Tricuspate
• Heart-shaped occlusal

218
Max 2nd Molar - 2 / 15 Facial

• Crown root
• 7.5 13.5 (P)
• 12.9 (MF)
• 12.1 (DF)
• Cusps 4
• Cusps visible
• MFgtDF
• ML (occasionally)
• Facial groove
• Shorter than M1
• pit (less often than M1 rare)

219
Max 2nd Molar - 2 / 15 Facial

• Contact areas
• M Occ
• D - Middle
• Cervical line
• Straight
• Can dip apically

220
Max 2nd Molar - 2 / 15 - Facial

• 3 roots
• (2x crown length)
• Palgt MFgt DF
• // distal sweep (MF DF)
• Closer together than M1
• Root trunk larger than M1

221
Max 2nd Molar - 2 / 15 Lingual

• 4 cusp type
• Cusps
• ML gtDL
• Lingual groove
• Pit not common

222
Max 2nd Molar - 2 / 15 Lingual

• 3 cusp type
• Cusps
• Lingual
• NO Lingual groove
• NO Pit

223
Max 2nd Molar - 2 / 15 Lingual

• Roots
• Pal gt MFgt DF
• Cervical line
• straight
• Can dip
• Root trunk
• Depression according Woelfel no evidence in
  illustrations
• Depression on tooth atlas

224
Max 2nd Molar - 2 / 15 Mesial

• Cusps
• MB and ML (L)
• Root
• Pal more in line w/ crown
• MB (less broad)
• Tubercles
• (fewer than M1

225
Max 2nd Molar - 2 / 15 Mesial

• Hts of contours less pronounced
• F - Cervical
• L - Middle

226
Max 2nd Molar - 2 / 15 Distal

• Cusps 3 type
• L, DF and MF
• Cusps 4 type
• DL, DF, ML, MF
• Roots
• Pal, MF and DF
• MR
• Fewer tubercles

227
Max 2nd Molar - 2 / 15 Occlusal

• Cusps 4
• Geometric outline
• Square/
• twisted rhomboid (more L taper)
• MR
• M size of D
• Triangular ridges
• 5 (ML gt 2)
• Transverse ridge
• Oblique ridge

228
Max 2nd Molar - 2 / 15 Occlusal

• Cusps 3
• Geometric outline
• Heart
• No talon
• MR
• M size of D
• Triangular ridges
• 4 (ML gt 2)
• Transverse ridge
• Oblique ridge/DMR

Mesial
229
Max 2nd Molar - 2 / 15 Occlusal

• Cusps 3
• Fossae and Pits
• Central (Central)
• Mesial (Mesial)
• Distal (Distal)
• Grooves
• Central
• Facial

Mesial
230
Max 2nd Molar - 2 / 15 Occlusal
Mesial

• 4 cusp type
• Fossae and Pits
• Central (Central)
• Mesial (Mesial)
• Distal (Distal)
• Distal / oblique
• Grooves
• Central
• Facial
• Distal oblique