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faculty use a variety of strategies for negotiating the digital morass. ... 'More staff, roaming personnel' 'Book delivery from library through campus mail' ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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1
The Library is a good source if you have several
months.Making the Library More Accessible
  • Presented by
  • Lynn Silipigni Connaway, Ph.D.
  • Senior Research Scientist
  • OCLC Research
  • Email connawal_at_oclc.org
  • www.oclc.org/research/staff/connaway.htm
  • Delaware Valley Chapter of ACRL
  • Millersville, Pennsylvania
  • November 2, 2007

2
Why Not Libraries?
  • ...faculty use a variety of strategies for
    negotiating the digital morass. For most, the
    path of least resistance is the one usually taken
    a Google search, a walk down the hall or an
    email to a colleague, a visit to the website of a
    trusted archive, or often ones own eclectic
    collection of digital stuff.
  • Harley, Diane, Jonathan Henke, Shannon Lawrence,
    Ian Miller, Irene Perciali, David Nasatir, Charis
    Kaskiris and Cara Bautista. 2006. Use and users
    of digital resources A focus on undergraduate
    education in the humanities and social sciences.
    http//digitalresourcestudy.berkeley.edu/report/di
    gitalresourcestudy_final_report.pdf. (2 May 2006,
    8-2)

3
Why Not Libraries?
Then The user built workflow around the
library Now The library must build its services
around user workflow
  • Get into the flow
  • Disclose into other environments

4
Why Not Libraries?
Then Resources scarce, attention abundant Now
Attention scarce, resources abundant
  • Competition for attention

5
Information-seekers Preferences
  • Two IMLS-funded projects
  • Individuals' preferences for finding and using
    information sources and service
  • Why their first choices often donot include
    library sources and services
  • Sense-Making the Information Confluence The
    Whys and Hows of College and University User
    Satisficing of Information Needs
  • Seeking Synchronicity Evaluating Virtual
    Reference Services from User, Non-User, and
    Librarian Perspectives

6
  • Sense-Making the Information Confluence
  • The Whys and Hows of College and University User
    Satisficing of Information Needs

7
Focus Group Interviews
  • 5 academic institutions
  • 44 colleges and universities
  • 100 mile radius from Columbus, Ohio
  • Total of 8 focus group interviews
  • 31 faculty
  • 19 graduate students
  • 28 undergraduate students

8

Situation 1 Quick Search
  • Think of a time when you had a situation where
    you needed answers or solutions and you did a
    quick search and made do with it. 
  • You knew there were other sources but you
    decided not to use them. Please include sources
    such as friends, family, professors, colleagues,
    etc.

9

Undergraduate Student Comments Quick Search
  • the thing about Google is that I generally
    find the little somethings under the search
    results and relevance to anything to actually be
    fairly good You know, if I use the library
    catalog, it will give me a list of a thousand
    things, but there is really no ranking that I can
    understand.
  • I stay away from the library and the librarys
    online catalog.

10
Graduate Student Comments Quick Search
  • you need to know which database with
    abstracting, indexing Google, I don't have to
    know, I go to one spot.
  • I have been going to library web sites and using
    their stuffe.g., EBSCO Library as portal to
    online sources will also go to university
    library ... and search (for) articles I need.

11
FacultyQuick Search
  • Google is my first place to find something
    quickly.
  • Google is user friendly library catalog is
    not.
  • Yeah, well, actually I was going to be different
    and not say Google. I do use Google, but I
    also use two different library homepages and I
    will go into the research databases do a search
    there and then I will end up limiting myself
    to the articles that are available online.

12
Situation 2 Did not use the library
  • Have there been times when you did not
  • use a library and used other sources instead? 

13
Undergraduate StudentsDid not use the library
  • The library is a good source if you have several
    months.
  • Hard to find things in library catalog.
  • Tried physical library but had to revert to
    online library resources.
  • Yeah, I don't step in the library anymore
    better to read a 25-page article from JSTOR than
    250-page book.
  • Sometimes content can be sacrificed for format.

14
Graduate StudentsDid not use the library
  • Also I just go ask my dad, and he'll tell me how
    to put in a fence, you know? So why sort through
    all this material when he'll just tell me
  • Dont use university online system. Dont like
    it.
  • first thing I do, is, I go to Google I don't
    go into the library system unless I have to
    because there's like 15 logins, you have to get
    into the research databases. Then it takes you
    out of that to OhioLink

15
FacultyDid not use the library
  • If I have a student mention a book and I'm not
    familiar with that book, Amazon.com gives me a
    brief synopsis, reader reviews of the book, so
    it's a good, interesting first source to go to
    for that kind of information.
  • before I came to the library to use the MLA
    database, I did a Google search and it turns out
    that there is a professor at Berkeley who keeps a
    really, really nice and fully updated page with
    bibliographic references.

16
Magic Wand
  • If you had a magic wand, what would your ideal
    information systems and services provide?
  • How would you go about using the information
    systems and services?
  • When? Where? How?

17
Undergraduate Student CommentsMagic Wand
  • Make library catalogs more like search engines
    or OhioLink.
  • Make a universal library card that would work in
    all libraries.
  • Space in the library to interact and collaborate
    - group study areas and areas to spread stuff
    out.

18
Graduate Student CommentsMagic Wand
  • More staff, roaming personnel
  • Book delivery from library through campus mail
  • Drive-up pickup or drop off delivery service
    since parking is a problem.
  • Make the library like a coffee house.

19
Faculty CommentsMagic Wand
  • Lessen the intimidation factor
  • Better signage and other pathfinders
  • Bookstore environment

20
Semi-structured Dialogue
  • 15 participants
  • 6 faculty
  • 4 graduate students
  • 5 undergraduate students
  • Situations
  • Academic
  • Recall how you go about writing your most recent
    assignment or research.
  • What sources did you consult
  • How did you decide on using them
  • Where did you locate them?
  • Personal
  • Show us one of your favorite websites, one you
    use frequently.

21
Why user looks for informationMotivations
Extrinsic Motivations - imposed by others
-job-related -assigned Intrinsic
Motivations - personal interest -day to day
information needs -hobbies
22
Emerging ThemesInternet
  • More than one-half use Google
  • More than one-third use other search engines
  • Familiarization tool
  • Convenient
  • Current information

The findings are not generalizable because of the
small, non-random sample.
23
Emerging ThemesInternet
  • Internet as indispensable for familiarization
  • Graduate student comments
  • Without Google it takes away that initial
    familiarizing yourself with whats out there. We
    wouldnt know what the good keywords were when we
    go to a more academic database.
  • but if I want more in-depth information then I
    would go to the library and find books or
    whatever.
  • Faculty comment
  • I find Google really, really useful as a fast
    familiarizing tool.

24
Emerging ThemesInternet
  • Internet as convenient
  • Graduate student comment
  • I obviously turn to electronics first, then
    library second because its convenient. But if
    I want more in-depth info, then I go to the
    library.
  • Internet as current
  • Faculty comment
  • Theyre a bunch of sites I go to everyday. Now
    none of them are academic. I dont go to any
    academic sites everyday.

25
Emerging ThemesLibrary
  • Used for research
  • Desire ability to customize library portals
  • Inclusion of recommender services
  • Enhanced discovery services
  • Databases, abstracts, and indexes
  • 8 use electronic databases
  • Do not perceive as library sources
  • Unable to locate or access full-text copies of
    journals and books

26

Emerging ThemesLibrary
  • Library as customizable Recommender Services
  • Undergraduate student comments
  • Oh people who liked these have also liked this.
    Maybe you should check this out.
  • It would be more like Amazon than, say, the
    current library catalog.
  • Ill try to find something where I can search
    inside of a book I would have descriptions,
    maybe, you know like, amazon.com has.
  • Well, I have our library web page here open
    and theres a lot of information and theres
    nowhere to search. This is the opening to the
    catalog but theres no box to search.

27
Emerging ThemesLibrary
  • Graduate student comment
  • Ok. I definitely dont like going to the library
    because I
  • think its time consuming... They dont have
    someone
  • there that can have the journals and books out
    ready for
  • you.
  • Faculty comment
  • The library is much less self-contained. Its
    now connected to other libraries. So,
    interlibrary loan, shared electronic resources,
    Ohiolink, is much more important to us now.

28
End Notes
  • This presentation is one of the outcomes from the
    project Sense-Making the Information Confluence
    The Whys and Hows of College and University User
    Satisficing of Information Needs." Funded by the
    Institute of Museum and Library Services, Ohio
    State University, and OCLC Online Computer
    Library Center, Inc., the project is being
    implemented by Brenda Dervin (Professor of
    Communication and Joan N. Huber Fellow of Social
    Behavioral Science, Ohio State University) as
    Principal Investigator and Lynn Silipigni
    Connaway (OCLC Consulting Research Scientist III)
    and Chandra Prahba (OCLC Senior Research
    Scientist), as Co-Investigators. More
    information can be obtained at
    http//imlsosuoclcproject.jcomm.ohio-state.edu/

29
  • Seeking Synchronicity
  • Evaluating Virtual Reference Services from User,
    Non-User, Librarian Perspectives

30
Focus Group Interviews
  • 8 Focus Group Interviews
  • 2 with VRS librarians
  • 4 with VRS non-users
  • Screenagers
  • Rural
  • Suburban
  • Urban
  • College students
  • Graduate
  • 2 with VRS users
  • College students
  • Graduate
  • Undergraduate
  • Adults

31
Participant DemographicsUser Focus Group
Interviews
  • Ethnicity-Users
  • 15 Caucasian (68)
  • 4 Asian (18)
  • 2 African- American (9)
  • 1 Hispanic/Latino (5)
  • Gender-Users
  • 13 Male (59)
  • 9 Female (41)

32
Participant DemographicsNon-user Focus Group
Interviews
  • Ethnicity-Non-users
  • 18 Caucasian (45)
  • 7 African- American (17.5)
  • 6 Hispanic/Latino (15)
  • 2 Asian (5)
  • 7 Missing (17.5)
  • Gender-Non-users
  • 23 Female (57.5)
  • 17 Male (42.5)

33
Non-User (Screenagers)Stereotypes and
Independence
  • Because, I mean, once they do their famous
    point, its just like you dont want to go near
    them again.
  • I wouldnt really trust my librarian. I trust
    Google.
  • Plus I think the IMing kind of gives it a cold
    feeling to it when you can actually sit and talk
    to someone face-to-face you kind of can see if
    they care or not

34
Non-User (Screenagers)Security, Accuracy, and
Speed
  • I dont usually like to talk to like people I
    dont know on the Internet.
  • Im not going to go get tutored on the Internet
    by somebody who might be some psycho serial
    killer out there when I could get personal help
    from my home and people in my community.
  • A librarians trying to do like 15 of those
    conversations at once theyre going to mix up
    replies
  • I dont really want to take the time actually to
    type out, like explaining what Im doing, what I
    need it for, what type of sources I need.

35
Non-User (Screenagers) Factors to Influence Use
of VRS
  • I dont think I would use VRS because I like
    going to people I know. I would probably try it
    as a last desperate resortId
  • Moderator Consensus. So if your librarian
    recommended it, you would all try this service?
  • Multiple Participants Yes Yup..

36
Non-User Graduate StudentsPreference for
Face-to-Face
  • Just generally, I would talk to somebody in
    person.
  • I prefer to interact with a librarian that I
    know.
  • I would just go, um, to the library website
  • I go to Google Scholar as well and Inquestia.com
    which I belong to.

37
Non-User Graduate StudentsMisperceptions
  • I dont know if I felt I might be annoying
    them. Or felt like I might be blown off.
  • I guess my reluctance would because I said I do
    research at odd hours like at two oclock in the
    morning. What are the chances that Im going to
    be able to have a chat with a librarian?

38
Non-User Graduate StudentsPrivacy and Technology
Concerns
  • And there could be a chance that the librarian
    might say This guys teaching these classes and
    he doesnt know this?!
  • I was worried that in some way, you know, if
    the Department would get a report about what
    questions I was asking, you know what I mean
  • Would the connection be good enough to
    facilitate real-time chat?

39
Non-User Graduate StudentsFactors to Influence
Use of VRS
  • I would want to know that they wanted me to use
    it.
  • Big sign in the library or around campus saying
    Have you tried instant messaging your
    librarian?

40
VRS UsersConvenience and Independence
  • Id rather go two feet to my computer than a
    couple of miles to the library.
  • I always want to do everything myself I dont
    want help.

41
VRS UsersCollaboration
  • Its helpful to have another person looking for
    you so you get twice as much information which
    is quicker.
  • they know how to do it and know where to look
    and you dont necessarily know.

42
VRS UsersPersonalized Service
  • I was on the site at 2 or 3 in the morning and
    it felt personalized.
  • Instead of having to write everything down you
    have the transcript of the conversation and all
    the links from the conversation in a permanent
    email.

43
VRS UsersAbility to Multi-Task
  • Moderator Okay, so theres some consensus on
    that that it allows you to multitask?
  • Multiple Participants Yes.

44
VRS UsersDistrust
  • To me it wasnt that much more than any other
    search engine.
  • Im not sure how much attention the person was
    paying attention to the actual question or the
    key words in the actual question.
  • they were just Googling stuff as far as I could
    see.
  • I feel like I get better results when Im, like
    with the person.

45
VRS Users Technology Issues
  • A tutorial would be nice, for non-computer savvy
    people.
  • Make the chat window bigger.
  • Have the chat in one window and have opened up
    all the links they send you in a separate window.

46
VRS Librarians Expand Client Base
  • Weve been able to reach people we know wed
    never reach otherwise, theyd never come in the
    building, wouldnt pick up the phone. And weve
    actually had people tell us that, they say that
    reference librarians are scary.
  • We saw a lot of kids who struggled, wouldnt
    feel comfortable asking for help. But with the
    on-line connection, seemed to be more comfortable
    asking for help.

47
VRS Librarians More Challenging Questions
  • the face-to-face reference supervisor is
    envious when I tell them about the questions that
    we do get and how much fun we have finding the
    information.

48
VRS Librarians Suggestions for Improvement
  • Visibility is an asset but somebody showed
    that their virtual reference statistics had gone
    up markedly after they added a link
  • We have to be able to accompany a broader array
    of browsers and operating systems and things like
    that.

49
End Notes
  • This is one outcome from the project Seeking
    Synchronicity Evaluating Virtual Reference
    Services from User, Non-User, Librarian
    Perspectives, Marie L. Radford Lynn Silipigni
    Connaway, Co-Principal Investigators. Project
    website http//www.oclc.org/research/projects/syn
    chronicity/
  • Funded by IMLS, Rutgers University and OCLC,
    Online Computer Library Center, Inc.
  • Special thanks to Patrick Confer, Timothy Dickey,
    Jocelyn DeAngelis Williams, Susanna
    Sabolcsi-Boros Julie Strange, Janet Torsney.

50
Yes, libraries!
A library experience like the experience
available on the web
51
Yes, libraries!
  • Comprehensive unified discovery its all there
    (e.g. Google, Amazon)
  • In the flow disclosed into research and learning
    workflows (e.g. toolbars)
  • Telescopic a personal to global traverse (e.g.
    del.icio.us)
  • Low transaction costs A short path between
    discovery and fulfillment (e.g iTunes, Google,
    Amazon, ..)
  • Network navigable knowledge patterns a rich
    texture of suggestion
  • Reflexive adapt based on aggregate
    intention/attention (e.g. page rank, people who
    read this, personalize, ..)
  • Lorcan Dempsey, presentation at the University of
    Virginia Libraries, April 26, 2007

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WorldCat.org
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WorldCat.org
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Local libraries displayed automatically
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Article Citations
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University of Washington on WorldCat.org
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Holdings Local, Group, Global
Univ Washington collections
Summit collections
WorldCat
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Detailed record item held by UW
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Detailed record request item
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Request handled locally
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Item not held by UW
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Item not held by UWor Summit
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Article citations
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Article citations
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Implications for Library Services
  • Patrons lack patience to wade through content
    silos and indexing and abstracting databases
  • Libraries should be providing patrons with what
    they want when and how they want it, and
    providing patrons with the means to uncover what
    they want when they arent sure what exactly that
    may be.
  • Good search and discovery tools
  • Better meta-discovery tools than currently
    offered by federated technology
  • Pace, Andrew. (2006). I Hear the Train a
    Comin. Presentation at the Charleston
    Conference. Charleston, SC, November 1.

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Implications for Library Services
  • Integrate library search and discovery tools into
    the campus environment
  • Course management systems
  • Share discovered resources in the classroom
  • Bursars and registrars systems
  • Access and order resources with an automatic
    debit to the users account
  • Pace, Andrew. (2006). I Hear the Train a
    Comin. Presentation at the Charleston
    Conference. Charleston, SC, November 1.

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Questions and Comments
  • Lynn Silipigni Connaway
  • connawal_at_oclc.org
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