Title: Understanding deconfinement: new spectroscopy at T>Tc
1Understanding deconfinement new spectroscopy
at TgtTc
- Edward Shuryak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- State University of New York
- Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
2Outline
- The little bang at RHIC
- gt A strongly coupled QGP
- Lattice puzzles
- Hadrons above Tc
- Bound colored states
- AdS/CFT at finite T
3RHIC a view from space
- A dedicated collider for
- Heavy ion collisions, AuAu 100100 GeV/N
- Polarized pp,
- 250250 GeV
4One of the first RHIC events at STAR detector,
The average multiplicity at AuAu 200 GeV/N Is
about 5000
5 Spectra of various secondariesfrom all 4
detectors
6Main findings at RHIC
- Particles are produced from matter which seems to
be well equilibrated (by the time it is back in
hadronic phase), N1/N2 exp(-(M_1-M_2)/T) -
- Very robust collective flows were found,
indicating very strongly coupled Quark-Gluon
Plasma (sQGP) - Strong quenching of large pt jets they do not
fly away freely but are mostly (up to 90) - absorbed by the matter. The deposited energy
seem - to go into another hydrodynamical motion
(conical flow)
7Reminder Statistical Model Works well with just
two parameters
Hadro-chemistry seems to be all done at the
critical line
8Hydrodynamics is simple and very predictive lt
only the EoS is needed,provided by the lattice
(at finite T)
Local Energy-momentum conservation
Conserved number
- Dynamic Phenomena
- Expansion, Flow
- Space-time evolution of
- thermodynamic variables
Caveat Why and when the equilibration takes
place is a tough question to answer
9Elliptic flow at RHIC
Explosion goes in all directions Radial and
especially Elliptic flow
The red almond-shaped region is where the dense
matter is. Yellow region shows spectators which
fly by without interaction
The so called jet tomography of the initial
shape of the matter
10 hydro describes both radial and elliptic flows
(from Phenix) v_2ltcos(2 phi)gt
nucl-ex/0410003
Hydro models Teaney (w/ w/o RQMD) Hirano (3d)
Kolb Huovinen (w/ w/o QGP)
11Sonic boom from quenched jets Casalderrey,ES,Teane
y, hep-ph/0410067 H.Stocker
- the energy deposited by jets into liquid-like
strongly coupled QGP must go into conical shock
waves, similar to the well known sonic boom from
supersonic planes. - We solved relativistic hydrodynamics and got the
flow picture - If there are start and end points, there are two
spheres and a cone tangent to both -
12Distribution of radial velocity v_r (left) and
modulus v (right).(note tsunami-like features, a
positive and negative parts of the wave)
13PHENIX jet pair distribution
Note it is only projection of a cone on
phi Note 2 more recent data from STAR find also
a minimum in ltp_t(\phi)gt at 180 degr., with a
value Consistent with background
14Collective flows gtcollisional regime gt
hydrodynamics
- The main assumption
- l ltlt L
- (the micro scale) ltlt (the macro scale)
- (the mean free path) ltlt (system size)
- (relaxation time) ltlt (evolution duration)
- I
- In the zeroth order in l/L it is ideal hydro with
a local stress tensor. - Viscosity appears as a first order correction
l/L, it is inversely proportional to the cross
section and thus is (the oldest) strong coupling
expansion tool
15 Viscosity of QGP
QGP at RHIC seem to be the most ideal fluid
known, its viscosity/(entropy density) .1 -.2
water would not flow if only a drop with 1000
molecules be made
1st order correction to dist. fn.
Sound attenuation length
Velocity gradients
D.Teaney(03)
16What is needed to reproduce themagnitude of v2?
Huge cross sections!!
17Charm transport (the diffusion coeff.)MooreTeane
y, hep-ph/0412346Mc/T6-7 more collision needed
for equilibration
18How to get 20 times pQCD s?
- (Zahed and ES,2003)
- Quark-antiquark bound states dont all melt at
Tc (charmonium from lattice known prior to that)
- Many more colored channels
- all q,g have strong rescattering qqbar ? meson
- Resonance enhancements
- Huge cross section due to resonance enhancement
causes elliptic flow of trapped Li atoms
19Resonance enhancement near zero binding lines
provides large cross section (ESZahed,03)
Well, it was shown to work for strongly coupled
atoms
20Scattering amplitudesfor quasiparticlesM.
Mannarelli. and R. Rapp hep-ph/05050080
21The coolest thing on Earth, T10 nK or 10(-12)
eV can actually produce a Micro-Bang ! (OHara et
al, Duke )
Elliptic flow with ultracold trapped Li6 atoms,
agt infinity regime The system is extremely
dilute, but can be put into a hydro regime, with
an elliptic flow, if it is specially tuned into
a strong coupling regime via the so called
Feshbach resonance Similar mechanism was proposed
(Zahed and myself) for QGP, in which a pair of
quasiparticles is in resonance with their bound
state at the zero binding lines
22The new spectroscopy at TgtTc
23The QCD Phase Diagram
The lines marked RHIC and SPS show the paths
matter makes while cooling, in Brookhaven (USA)
and CERN (Switzerland)
T
Theory prediction (numerical calculation, lattice
QCD, Karsch et al) the pressure as a function of
T (normalized to that for free quarks and gluons)
Is it weakly coupled?
Chemical potential mu
24 lattice puzzles
- it was recently found fom correlators
(Asakawa-Hatsuda,Bielefeld) that - J/?,?c dissolves in QGP only at
Tgt(2-3)T_c.Why? - How can pressure be high at T(1.5-2)T_c
- while q,g quasiparticles are quite heavy?
Because the coupling is very strong!
Because there also numerous bound states
25 free energies for static quarks (Karsch et al)
- Upper figure is normalized at small distances
one can see that there is large effective mass
for a static quark at TTc. - Both are not yet the potentials!
- The lower figure shows the effective coupling
constant
26Fitting F to screened Coulomb
- Fit from Bielefld group hep-lat/0406036
- Note that the Debye radius corresponds to
- normal (enhanced by factor 2) coupling,
while the overall strength of the potential is
much larger - It becomes still larger if V is used
- instead of F, see later
27The potentials should have the entropy term
subtracted,which makes potentials deeper still
this is how potential I got look like for T 1
1.2 1.4 2 4 6 10Tc, from right to left, from
ES,Zahed hep-ph/0403127
28Here is the binding and psi(0)2(J/psi puzzle
resolved!)
E/2M Vs T/Tc
29If a Coulomb coupling is too strong,falling onto
the center may occurbut it is impossible to get
a bindingcomparable to the massBut we need
massless pion/sigma at TgtTc !
- Brown,Lee,Rho,ES hep-ph/0312175 near-local
interaction induced by the instanton molecules
- (also called hard glue or epoxy, as they
survive - at TgtTc
- Their contribution is ?(0)2 which is
calculated from strong Coulomb problem
30Solving for binary bound statesESI.Zahed,
hep-ph/0403127
- In QGP there is no confinement gt
- Hundreds of colored channels must have bound
states as well!
31The pressure puzzle is resolved!Masses,
potentials and EoS from lattice are mutually
consistent
M/Tc vc T/Tc and p/pSB vs T/Tc
32Can we verify existence of bound states at TgtTc
experimentally?Dileptons from sQGP
33Asakawa-Hatsuda, T1.4Tc
The widths are being calculated But see, one can
see peaks on the lattice
Karsch-Laerman, T1.5 and 3 Tc
34A gift by the string theorists, the AdS/CFT
correspondence, should help us understand sQGP
35QCD vs CFT let us start with EoS(The famous .8
explained!)
36Strongly coupled CFT plasma is a very good liquid!
- AdS/CFT calculation (D.Son et al 2003)
- of the correlator ltTmunu(x) Tmunu(0)gt
- Via graviton propagator
- gt
- viscosity/ (entropy density)
- gt It is about as small as observed at RHIC!
37Bound states in AdS/CFT(ES and Zahed, PRD 2004)
- The quasiparticles are heavy
- M_q O(sqrt(lambda) T) gtgt T, exp(-M_q/T)ltlt1
- But there should be light binary bound states
with the mass O(M_q/sqrt(lambda))O(T) - Using Dirac/KG eqns with supercritical coupling
one gets states falling on the center if
lltsqrt(lambda) - But recent work on quarkonia with D3D7 brane
construction (e.g.M.Strassler et al 05) - found that the s-wave states survive, with
exactly the right mass O(M_q/sqrt(lambda))
38A complete gravity dual for RHIC from 10-d GR?
(ES,Sin,Zahed, in progress)
- Black Holes Howking rad. Is used to mimic the
finite T - How black hole is produced can be calculated from
GR (tHooft Nastase) - Entropy production gt black hole formation,
falling into it is viscosity - Moving brane gt hydro expansion
39Conclusions
- QGP as a matter in the usual sense, not a bunch
of particles, has been produced at SPS/RHIC - It shows very robust collective flows. The EoS is
as expected but QGP seems to be the most ideal
fluid known - eta/hbar s.1-.2 ltlt1
- All of this hints that QGP is in a strong
coupling regime, with new spectroscopy of colored
states - Interesting analogies with other strongly coupled
systems - quantum gases
- AdS/CFT
40Is such a sonic boom already observed?Mean
Cs.33 time average over 3 stagesgt
?? /-1.231.91,4.37
flow of matter normal to the Mach cone seems to
be observed! See data from STAR,
M.Miller, QM04
41 away ltpTgt dependence on angle (STAR,preliminary)
ltpTgt (phi) has a dip structure in central AA.
Mach shock wave?