Ancient Civilizations

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Ancient Civilizations

• The Asian World

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Peoples of East and South Asia

• China
• Sui dynasty
• Tang dynasty
• Song dynasty
• Yuan dynasty

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Sui Dynasty

• China fell into chaos after Han dynasty ended in
  220
• 581, Sui dynasty was set up/ Unified China/ short
  lived
• Emperor Sui Yangdia built the Grand Canal that
  linked Yellow River Yangzte River
• Canal made it easier to ship rice north south
• Yangdi used forced labor to build the canal
• Extravagant living, high taxes, military
  failures caused a rebellion dynasty ended

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Sui dynasty
Sui Yangdi
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Grand Canal of China
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Tang Dynasty

• Lasted from 618-907
• Tang rulers began by instituting reforms,
  restoring civil service examination for
  recruiting civilian bureaucrats, trying to
  stabilize the economy by giving land to peasants
  and breaking up the power of large landowners
• Extended control north to control Tibet
• Established diplomatic relations with people of
  SE Asia Koreas

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Tang Dynasty

• Brought about its own destruction/ Rulers were
  not able to prevent plotting government
  corruption
• Tang Xuanzang emperor/ fell in love with a
  commoners daughter/ Upset general demanded
  someone pay for war strive forced the woman
  to hang herself
• Uighurs, northern tribal group of Turkic speaking
  people ended the Tang dynasty in early 10th
  century/were hired to fight for Tang but
  overthrew them instead
• Led China into civil war

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Song Dynasty

• Ruled from 960-1279/ major period of economic
  cultural achievement
• Uighurs still caused the Song dynasty a problem/
  lost control of Tibet
• In order to stay in power, Song became allied
  with Mongols
• Within a few years, Mongols turned on the Song
  overthrew them creating a Mongol dynasty

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Chinese Government Economy

• 700 years from the beginning of Sui to the end of
  the Song
• China had a large bureaucracy/ outside the
  capital, government had a structure of provinces,
  districts, villages
• Agriculture, manufacturing, trade grew
  dramatically between Sui Song
• Primarily a farming society
• Reform efforts advances in farming techniques
  created an abundance of food

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Chinese Government economy

• Chinese began to make steel which was used to
  make swords sickles
• Intro of cotton led to new kinds of clothes
• Gunpowder invented during the Tang dynasty/ used
  to make explosives a weapon called fire lance
• Woodblock printing was developed during Tang
  dynasty led to books being mass produced
• Silk Road was revived during the Tang dynasty due
  to unification with SW Asia

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Sickle Fire Lance
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Chinese Society

• Marco Polo described Hangzhou, capital of Song,
  as a Paradise
• Majority of Chinese lived off the land and lived
  in villages/ Most hardly left their villages
  during their entire life
• Status of women was very low/ female children
  were considered less desirable than males/ female
  infants might even be killed if there was not
  enough food for all
• Wives became part of their husbands families
• Her parents would provide a dowry to the husband

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Chinese Culture
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Mongols
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Mongol Empire

• Mongols came from present day Mongolia
• Organized loosely into clans/ Temujin gradually
  unified the Mongols
• In 1206, Temujin was elected Genghis Khan strong
  ruler at a massive meeting in the Gobi
• Genghis devoted himself to conquests/Mongols
  created the largest land empire in
  history/Comprised of much of the Eurasian
  landmass/capital was Karakorum
• Genghis died in 1227/ empire was divided among
  his sons/ attacked Persians, Abbasids, and Song

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Temujin Genghis Khan United Mongol Clans
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Mongol Dynasty in China

• When attacking the Song, Mongols first
  experienced gunpowder the fire-lance
• In 1279, Kublai Khan completed the conquering of
  Song established Yuan dynasty in China/
  established capital of Khanbaliq now known as
  Beijing
• Under Kublai, Mongol forces advanced against
  Vietnam, Java, Sumatra, Japan/ Mongol military
  tactics of cavalry charges siege warfare were
  not effective in these largely, tropical hilly
  regions the Mongol campaigns failed

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Yuan dynasty
Kublai Khan
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Mongol Dynasty in China

• Mongols were successful at ruling China
• Adapted to the Chinese political system used
  Chinese bureaucrats
• Mongols formed their own class staffing the
  highest positions in the bureaucracy
• Mongols won support of Chinese people due to the
  economic prosperity social stability the
  Mongols brought with them
• Marco Polo wrote stories about how wonderful
  Khanbaliq was

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Marco Polo
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Mongol Dynasty in China

• Mongol dynasty fell apart due to problems that
  affected the other dynasties too much spending
  on foreign conqests, corruption, growing internal
  stability
• In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang, son of a peasant, formed
  an army ended the Mongol dynasty established
  the Ming dynasty

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Zhu Yuanzhang Overthrew The Yuan Dynasty
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Religion Government

• Buddhism Daoism emerged to rival Confucianism
  during Sui Tang dynasties
• Confucianism reemerged at the end of the Tang
  period held dominance until early 20th century
• Buddhism came to China in 1st century a.d. /
  brought by Indian missionaries merchants
• Due to instability after the collapse of the Han
  dynasty, both Buddhism Daoism attracted many
  people especially ruling classes, intellectuals,
  wealthy

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Religion Government

• Early Tang rulers supported monasteries/
  Buddhists Daoists become advisors at court
• Buddhism was attacked for being a foreign
  religion/ Buddhist monasteries held lands
  serfs with these holdings came corruption
• Late in the Tang period the government destroyed
  many Buddhist temples forced thousands of monks
  to return to secular life
• Official support went to reviving Confucianism

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Neo-Confucianism

• Neo-Confucianism differed by teaching the world
  is real that fulfillment comes from
  participation
• Neo-Confucianist divided the world into material
  spiritual worlds that humans linked the two
• Humans live in the material world but are linked
  with the Supreme Ultimate
• The goal of humans is to unify with the Supreme
  Ultimate through a careful examination of moral
  principles that rule the universe

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Chinese Literature Art

• Invention of printing during Tang dynasty made
  literature available very popular
• Poetry became big/ 2,200 authors wrote at least
  48,000 poems/ poems celebrated beauty of nature,
  changes of seasons, joys of friendships
• Li Bo Duo Fo 2 most popular poets/ Li Bo s
  poems were memorized by Chinese school children
  for centuries/ Duo Fo serious Confucian
  concerned with social justice the poor

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Chinese Art

• Landscape painting reached its height during the
  Song Mongol dynasties
• Painters went into the mountains to paint find
  the Dao or Way nature
• Landscape paintings reflects the Daoist search
  for balance between earth water
• Ceramics Tang-period porcelain began to
  flourish
• Porcelain did not reach Europe until eighteenth
  century

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PORCELAIN
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Peoples of East and South Asia
Japan Yamato clan Fujiwara family Minamoto
shogunate Ashikaga shogunate

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Japan Geography

• Lies on the Ring of Fire
• Archipelago
• 4 largest islands Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku,
  Kyushu
• Capital Tokyo, on Honshu
• Islands are peaks of volcanic mountains
• Islands are covered with rugged mountains and
  steep hills
• Climate is heavily affected by ocean currents
  varies from tropical in south to cool in north
• About size of California

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Rise of Japanese State

• Japanese first settled in Yamato plain near
  present day Osaka Kyoto
• Society was compromised of clans people were
  divided into small aristocratic classes and
  latter classes of farmers, artisans, servants
• Local rulers protected the population in return
  for a share of the harvest
• Shotuku Taishi tried to unify the Japanese clans
  to resist Chinese invasion/ To do this he
  imitated the Chinese structure of government

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Japanese State

• Ruler was portrayed as a divine figure the
  symbol of Japan
• Taishis successor continued to emulate Chinese
  model/ centralized government
• After Taishis (622) death, Fujiwara clan gained
  power
• Fujiwara ruler moved capital to Nara/ used the
  title Son of Heaven/ central government
  declined
• 794, emperor moved the capital to Heian (present
  day Kyoto)government returned decentralized
  system that existed before Taishi

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Fujiwara Family Gained Power
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Japan

• During Heian period, peasants would give their
  land to aristocrats to avoid paying high taxes,
  becoming tenant farmers
• Landed aristocrats increasingly turned to
  military power to pursue interests/ led to
  creation of Samurai those who serve knights
  who had own code of Bushido way of warrior
  were loyal to their lord employer
• Late 12th century, Japanese wealthy families were
  in constant constant civil war

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SAMURAI BUSHIDO
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Japan

• Nobleman Minamoto Yoritomo defeated several
  rivals set up his power near modern Tokyo
  created a centralized government called a
  shogunate
• Shogunate centralized government under a
  shogun, military ruler, not an emperor
• Yoritomos Kamakura shogunate lasted from 1192 to
  1333
• 1281 Kublai Khan invaded with superior forces,
  but a typhoon destroyed the entire Mongol fleet
• Japan would not have foreign invaders again until
  1945(end of WWII)

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Minamoto Yoritomo
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Japan

• Power of Aristocrats grew during the 14th 15th
  centuries
• Daimyo heads of families/ controlled vast land
  estates that were tax exempt
• Daimyo relied on samurais to keep control
• By 1500 central power had disappeared
• Onin War civil war/ almost destroyed Kyoto/
  rivalries of powerful lords pushed Japan into
  chaos

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Onin War
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Life in Early Japan

• Largely a farming society
• Due to heavy rainfall, farmers grew rice
• Trade manufacturing began to develop during the
  Kamakura period/ Industries paper, iron
  casting, porcelain
• Foreign trade with Korea China emerged in 11th
  century
• Women had a level of equality with men in early
  Japan/ 8th century law guaranteed inheritance
  rights for women/ abandoned wives could divorce
  remarry

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Life in Early Japan

• Women were still considered subordinate to men
• Husband could divorce on the grounds of the wife
  talking too much, having a serious illness, or
  unable to produce a male child
• Women played an active role in various aspects of
  society
• Early Japanese worshipped spirits called kami
  that resided in nature/ Beliefs evolved into
  Shinto which became the state religion
• Shinto the Sacred Way or Way of the Gods is
  still practiced today

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Shinto

• Early Japanese worshipped spirits called kami
  that resided in nature/ Beliefs evolved into
  Shinto which became the state religion
• Shinto the Sacred Way or Way of the Gods is
  still practiced today
• Shinto state doctrine that believes there is a
  connection between the divinity of the emperor
  the sacredness of the Japanese nation
• First emperor was descended from sun goddess,
  Amaterasu

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Shinto Shrine
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Japanese Religion

• Some Japanese turned to Buddhism/ Sect called Zen
  became most popular/ Zen beliefs became part of
  samurai warriors code
• Zen are different ways to achieve
  enlightenment/ some say it can come suddenly/
  some say it can be achieved only through strong
  self-discipline, especially meditation

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Zen Master of the Kamakura Period
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Ashikaga Temple
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Meditation of a Zen Buddhist
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Early Japan

• 9th-12th centuries, women were the most
  productive writers of prose in Japan/ women wrote
  diaries, stories, novels to pass the time
• Men in early Japan believed prose fiction was
  merely vulgar gossip
• Tale of Genji written by Muraski Shikibu,
  around 1,000/ novel that traces the life of the
  noble Genji as he moves from youthful adventure
  to a life of sadness compassion later in life
• Landscape served as a means of expression in
  Japanese Art Architecture

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Tale of
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Peoples of East and South Asia
Korea Silla Kingdom Koryo dynasty Yi dynasty

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Korea

• Korean peninsula is only slightly larger than
  Minnesota/Very mountainous
• Heavily influenced by Chinese model of society
• 109 b.c., northern part of peninsula was under
  Chinese control/Koreans drove them out in the 3rd
  century
• Three kingdoms emerged Koguryo in the north/
  Paekche in southwest/ Silla in the southeast
  bitter rivals from 4th 7th century
• Silla gained control of Korea/ Korea sank into
  civil war after Silla king was assassinated

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Korea

• 10th century, Koryo dynasty arose in the north/
  unified the country by adopting Chinese political
  institutions/ stayed in power for 400 years
• Mongols seized power in north in 13th century
• Koryo was still able to stay in power
• Mongol rule was harsh/ thousands of people were
  forced to make ships for Kublai Khans invasion
  of Japan
• 1392, Yi Song-gye seized power founded the Yi
  dynasty in Korea

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Yi Song-gye
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Buddhism

• Buddhism was popular for Indian people for
  hundreds of years
• Theravada Buddhism teachings of the elders
  believed in original teachings of Buddha/ saw
  Buddhism as way of life/ claimed understanding
  ones self is chief way to gain nirvana
• Mahayana Buddhism stressed nirvana was reached
  through devotion to Buddha/ said Theravada was
  too strict for common people/Mahayana is
  religion, not a philosophy/devotion to Buddha
• Neither sect remained popular in India/
  Hind..Islam
• Buddhism was successful in other parts of Asia

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Mahayana Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism
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Silla Buddhist Temple
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India After the Guptas

• 8th century, Islam became popular on Indian
  subcontinent
• Successful because it arrived at a time of
  political disunity/Gupta empire collapsed/Indias
  70 states warred with each other
• End of 10th century, Islam expanded as rebellious
  Turkish slaves founded Islamic state known as
  Ghazni, in present day Afghanistan
• Founders son Mahmud of Ghazni attacked
  neighboring Hindu kingdoms expanded his power

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Expansion of Islam/ India

• Rajputs Hindu warriors/ fought Mahmud in
  northern India
• Mahmuds cavalry defeated the slower infantry
  elephants
• By 1200, Muslim power was spread all over north
  India created a new Muslim state known as the
  Sultanate of Delhi eventually expanded power
  into the Deccan Plateau

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Islam Comes to India In the Ghazni State
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Timur Lenk

• Sultanate of Delhi declined by 14th century
• Timur Lenks army raided Delhi then retreated/
  massacred 100,000 Hindu prisoners
• Timur Lenk ruled a Mongol state based in
  Samarkand
• Seized power in 1369 began conquering/
  Mesopotamia region east of the Caspian Sea
• He died in 1405/Death removed a threat from
  states on the Indian subcontinent

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Timur Lenk
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Islam Indian Society

• Muslim rulers separated the Muslim ruling class
  the mass of the Hindu population
• Muslim rulers were tolerant of other faiths/tried
  peaceful means to convert/too many s to convert
  all
• Muslim customs were imposed on Hindus
• Distrust, Hatred violence have always plagued
  Indian history

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India Economy

• Indias chief source of life is agriculture
• It was a trade center between Southwest East
  Asia(Silk Road)
• Internal trade decreased during internal strive,
  but Foreign trade always remained high

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India Culture

• Architecture prose literature was most
  important Indian arts
• Architects built magnificent temples each had a
  central shrine surrounded by a tower, hall for
  worshippers, entryway, porch, which all set in a
  courtyard
• Greatest temples are at Khajuraho/ 20 of the 80
  are still standing
• Dandin master of prose/ wrote The Ten Princes
  in the 7th century/ power of observation humor
  made his writing popular

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Hindu Temples at Khajuraho
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Peoples of East and South Asia
Southeast Asia Vietnamese the Khmer the Thai the
Burmans Srivujaya kingdom Sailendra
kingdom Majapahit kingdom Sultanate of Melaka

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Southeast Asia

• Consists of mainland region extensive
  archipelago islands
• Mainland has many mountain ranges with fertile
  valleys in between
• Southeast Asia never unified under a single
  government
• Separate Distinctive culture developed with
  different languages, religions, cultural
  practices

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Vietnam

• Located just under China
• One of the first people in SE Asia
• China conquered Vietnam in 111 b.c./ however
  failed to make Vietnam a part of China
• Vietnamese overthrew Chinese occupiers in the
  10th century
• Dai Viet (Great Viet) Vietnamese was established
• Vietnamese adopted Chinese model of governing
• Adopted Confucianism, Chinese court rituals,
  civil service examination
• Expanded southward to Gulf of Thailand by 1600

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Dai Viet Broke From China After 1000 Years
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Dinh Spirit House
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SE Asia Civilization

• Arose in 9th century in present day Cambodia
• Jayavarman united the Khmer people/ he was
  crowned god-king in 802
• Angkor-Khmer empire was the most powerful in SE
  Asia
• Capital Angkor Thom
• Power of Angkor declined with arrival of the Thai
  in 14th century/Thai moved southward because of
  Mongol invasion of China
• Thai converted to Buddhism borrowed Indian
  practices to develop their own culture Thailand

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Jayavarman

the Khmer
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SE Asia Civilization

• Thai founded Ayutthaya on Chao Phraya River
  center of Buddhist learning
• West of Angkor is Burman Kingdom of Pagan
• Burmans migrated from Tibet to valley of Salween
  Irrawaddy rivers
• Burmans converted to Buddhism
• Pagan active in sea trade/ declined in 13th
  century because of attacks from Mongols

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Ayutthaya Buddhist Temples
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Pagodas at Pagan
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Malay Indonesia

• Malay peninsula Indonesian Archipelago were
  tied to the trade that passed through Indian
  Ocean
• Area did not unite under a single ruler
• Srivijaya Kingdom finally emerged
• Srivijaya kingdom in eastern Java-8th century/
  dominated trade through the strait of Malacca
• Majapahit eventually became the regions greatest
  empire
• 1400, Sultanate of Melaka, Islamic state/ became
  a major trading post on the western coast of
  Malay Peninsula/converted entire population to
  Islam

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SE Asia Economy

• SE Asian states divided into two categories
  agricultural societies trading societies
• Trade reached its height after Muslim conquests
  of northern India
• Demand for spices rose adding to the amount of
  trade
• Merchants from India Arabian peninsula brought
  back cloves, pepper, nutmeg, cinnamon, precious
  woods from Indonesian islands

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SE Asia Society

• Hereditary Aristocrats were at the top of
  society/ held political economic power
• Most lived in cities/ Angkor Thom major city
• Farmers, fishers, artisans, merchants made up
  rest of population
• Most people were subsistence rice farmers/ paid
  heavy taxes/rent to local landlords/rulers
• Women in SE Asia had more rights than women in
  China or India
• Women worked with men in the fields were
  involved in trade

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SE Asia Culture

• Chinese influence in Vietnam/ Indian influence
  elsewhere
• Angkor Wat temple in Cambodia/ temple
  observatory
• Hinduism Buddhism moved into SE Asia/ old
  faiths blended with new/King was believed to have
  a link between the people the gods
• Theravada Buddhism eventually became the religion
  of the masses of people in SE Asia taught
  people they could reach nirvana through own
  efforts/ did not threaten other religions

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Angkor Wat As Temple and Observatory
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Hindu Influence In Southeast Asia