Learning Agents Laboratory Department of Computer Science

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CS 785, Fall 2001
Object Ontologies
(Part 2 of 2)
Gheorghe Tecuci tecuci_at_cs.gmu.eduhttp//lalab.gm
u.edu/
Learning Agents LaboratoryDepartment of
Computer Science George Mason University
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Overview
The object ontology for the COG domain
1
Ontology development tools/modules
2
Recommended reading
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3
1. The object ontology for the COG domain
Disciple-RKF/COG identification agent
The object hierarchy
The feature hierarchy
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Disciple-RKF/COG identification agent
Agent taskIdentify strategic Center of Gravity
(CoG) candidates for a military
scenario. InputA description of a military
scenario, such as the World War II invasion of
Sicily by the Anglo allies, in 1943. Output Strat
egic CoG candidates for each opposing force and
its members (e.g. Anglo allies, US, Britain).The
agent will also provide a detailed description of
its lines of reasoning.
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The Center of Gravity (CoG) concept
The center of gravity of an entity (state,
alliance, coalition, or group) is the foundation
of capability, the hub of all power and movement,
upon which everything depends, the point against
which all the energies should be directed. Carl
Von Clausewitz, On War, 1832. If a combatant
eliminates or influences the enemys strategic
center of gravity, then the enemy will lose
control of its power and resources and will
eventually fall to defeat. If the combatant fails
to adequately protect his own strategic center of
gravity, he invites disaster.
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Strategic COG candidates identified by the agent
Identify the strategic COG candidates for the
Sicily_1943 scenario

The will of the Anglo_allies_1943 is a strategic
COG candidatefor Anglo_allies_1943 which is an
equal partner alliance
The cooperation between the subgroups of
Allied_forces_operations_Huskywhich conduct
combined and joint operations is a strategic
COG candidatefor Anglo_allies_1943
President_Roosevelt is a strategic COG candidate
for US_1943 whichis a representative democracy
and a member of Anglo_allies_1943
The will of the people of US_1943 is a
strategic COG candidate for US_1943which is a
representative democracy and a member of
Anglo_allies_1943
Industrial_capacity_of_US_1943 is a strategic COG
candidatefor US_1943 which is a member of
Anglo_allies_1943

Army_of_Germany_1943 is a strategic COG candidate
for for Germany_1943 which is a member of
European_Axis_1943
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The object hierarchy
Overall organization
Scenario
Forces and goals
Economic factors
Geographic factors
Military factors
Political factors
Governing and controlling elements
Civilization factors
Other objects
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Overall organization of the COG object ontology
ltobjectgt
Force
Scenario
Force_goal
resource_ or_ infrastructure_element
Strategic_COG_relevant_factor
Strategic_ goal
Operational_ goal
Other_relevant_factor
Demographic_factor
Civilization_factor
Psychosocial_factor
Economic_factor
Historic_factor
Geographic_factor
International_factor
Political_factor
Military_factor
subconcept_of
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Scenario
ltobjectgt
Force
Scenario
brief_description
WWII Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943
Sicily_1943
Opposing_force
description
The Allied decision to invade Sicily following
the successful operation in North Africa was a
critical element of World War II WWII. The
commitment of such a large force to continue
operations in the Mediterranean theater meant
that the cross-channel invasion of Europe would
be delayed. American military leaders
strongly favored the cross-channel invasion at
the earliest possible opportunity. This meant
giving this invasion force first priority for
troops, shipping and equipment. The British
favored an indirect approach that would see a
major effort continue in the Mediterranean. The
Allies settled on the Mediterranean approach at
the Casablanca conference in January 1943 and
began planning for Operation Husky, the invasion
of Sicily. Situated ninety miles off the
north coast of Africa and two and one-half miles
from the toe of the Italian peninsula, Sicily was
both a natural bridge between Africa and Europe
and a barrier dividing the Mediterranean Sea. It
was an unsinkable air and naval fortress from
which Axis forces interdicted Allied sea lines of
communications through the Mediterranean.
has_as_opposing_force
Anglo_allies_1943
has_as_opposing_force
European_Axis_1943
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Forces
Force
Group
Opposing_force
Single_state_force
Single_group_force
Multi_group_force
Multi_state_force
component_state
US_1943
Anglo_allies_1943
component_state
Britain_1943
component_state
Germany_1943
European_Axis_1943
component_state
Italy_1943
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Forces (continued)
Group
Illegal_group
Legal_group
Legal_business_group
Clan_or_tribe
Military_group_or_clan
Other_legal_group
Military_group_or_unit
Military_clan
Para_military_group
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Forces (continued)
Illegal_group
Other_illegal_group
Profit_focused_illegal_group
Purpose_focused_illegal_groups
Hate_group
Separatists
Crime_gang
Drug_cartel
Terrorist_cell
Religious_cult
Crime_family
Vice_ring
Extremist_group
Personality_cult
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Force goals
Force_goal
Strategic_goal
Anglo_allies_1943
has_as_strategic_goal
Strategic_goal_of_Anglo_allies_1943
description
The strategic goals of the US-British alliance
in 1943 were to defeat Germany first while
containing Japan, to keep Russia in the war on
the side of the Allies, and the eventual
unconditional surrender of all Axis countries.
To accomplish these goals, US leaders favored an
early, direct attack into northern Europe.
Operational_goal
has_as_operational_goal
description
Operational_goal_of_Anglo_allies_1943
The operational goals of the Allies were to
secure sea lines of communications in the
Mediterranean Sea, divert German combat power
from the Russian front, and knock Italy out of
the war.
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Economic factors
Economic_factor
Other_ economic_ factor
Commerce_ authority
Raw_material
Information_ Network_or_system
Transportation_ Factor
Industrial_ factor
Strategic_ Raw_ Material
Industrial_ authority
Industrial_ Capacity
Transportation_ Network_or_system
Transportation_ Center
Industrial_ Center
Oil_chromium_copper_and_bauxite_of_Germany_1943
is_critical_to_the_production_of
industrial_capacity_of_US_1943
War_materiel_of_Germany_1943
has_as_strategic_raw_material
is_a_major_generator_of
is_obtained_from
has_as_industrial_factor
war_materiel_and_ transports_of_US_1943_
Germany_1943
Balkans
US_1943
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Geographic factors
Geographic_factor
Geographic_center_of_power
Place
The US has extremely long and external lines of
communication. Some US forces deployed directly
from the US for the invasion of North Africa and
much of the shipping and naval forces for Sicily
will come directly from the US for operation
Husky.
Capital
has_as_capital
US_1943
Washington_DC
has_as_other_geographic_center_of_power
Cheyenne_Mountain
description
has_other_geographic_factor
Geographic_factor_of_US_1943
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Military factors
Military_factor
Composition_of_forces
Other_military_factor
Multi_member_force
Single_member_force
Single_state_force
Single_group_force
Multi_state_force
Multi_group_force
Multi_state_alliance
Multi_state_coalition
Multi_group_alliance
Multi_group_coalition
Dominant_partner_ multi_state_alliance
Dominant_partner_ multi_state_coalition
Dominant_partner_ multi_group_alliance
Dominant_partner_ multi_group_coalition
Equal_partners_ multi_state_alliance
Equal_partners_ multi_state_coalition
Equal_partners_ multi_group_alliance
Equal_partners_ multi_group_coalition
European_Axis_1943
Anglo_allies_1943
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Military factors (cont.)
Equal_partner_multi_state_alliance
Single_state_force
component_state
Anglo_allies_1943
US_1943
component_state
Britain_1943
Multi_group_force
Group
has_as_primary_force_element
Allied_forces_operation_Husky
has_as_subgroup
US_7th_Army_(Force_343)
has_as_subgroup
Br_8th_Army_(Force_545)
has_as_subgroup
Western_Naval_TF
has_as_subgroup
Eastern_Naval_TF
has_as_subgroup
US_9th_Air_Force
has_as_subgroup
Northwest_Africa_Air_Force
type_of_operations
combined and joint operations
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Military factors (cont.)
Dominant_partner_multi_state_alliance
Single_state_force
component_state
European_Axis_1943
Italy_1943
component_state
Germany_1943
has_as_dominant_partner
has_as_other_military_factors

Multi_group_force
Group
has_as_primary_force_element
Axis_forces_Sicily
has_as_subgroup
German_Ground_Forces_Italy
has_as_subgroup
Italy_16th_Army
has_as_subgroup
German_Naval_Forces_Italy
has_as_subgroup
Italy_Naval_Forces
has_as_subgroup
German Air Forces Italy
type_of_operations
combined and joint operations
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Political factors
Political_factor
Other_political_factor
Type_of_governing_body
Controlling_element
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Political factors type of governing body
Governing_body
State_government
Group_governing_body
Feudal_god_ king_government
Other_state_ government
Dictator
Other_ group_ governing_ body
Monarchy
Deity_figure
Government_ of_Italy_1943
Democratic_ council_ or_board
Autocratic_ leader
Theocratic_ government
Totalitarian_ government
Democratic_ government
Chief_and_ tribal_council
Military_ dictatorship
Police_ state
Religious_ dictatorship
Representative_ democracy
Parliamentary_ democracy
Theocratic_ democracy
Government_ of_Germany_1943
Government_ of_US_1943
Government_ of_Britain_1943
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Political factors Controlling element
Controlling_element
Controlling_leader
Other_controlling_element
God_king
Controlling_organization
Other_ controlling_ leader
Monarch
CEO
Conventional_ law_enforcement_ organization
Political_leader
Secret_police
Para_military_ group_leader
Military_leader
Controlling_group
Ruling_political_party
Religious_leader
Clan_leader
Religious_body
Political_cabinet_or_staff
Dominant_clan_leader
Military_staff
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Governing and controlling elements
has_as_dominant_ psychosocial_factor
Democratic_ government
will of the people
Representative_ democracy
has_as_political_leader
has_critical_role_in_setting_objectives_for
President_Roosevelt

has_as_political_cabinet_or_staff
Government_ of_US_1943

has_critical_role_in_decision_making_for
has_as_ruling_political_party
has_as_primary_controlling_element_of

has_as_governing_body
US_1943
has_as_dominant_psychosocial_factor
Parliamentary_ democracy
will of the people will of the parliament
has_as_dominant_psychosocial_factor
will of the people
has_as_political_leader
Winston_Churchill

has_as_political_cabinet_or_staff
Government_ of_Britain_1943
has_as_ruling_political_party

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Governing and controlling elements (cont.)
Political_leader
has_as_political_leader
Police_ state
Adolph_Hitler
has_as_political_cabinet_or_staff

has_as_ruling_political_party
Nazi Party
Government_ of_Germany_1943
has_as_military_leader

has_as_secret_police
Gestapo
has_as_conventional_law_enforcement_organization

has_as_other_controlling_element

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Civilization factors
Civilization_factor
Type_of_civilization
Other_civilization_factor
Industrial_civilization
Informational_civilization
Pre_industrial_civilization
instance_of
Civilization_of_US_1943
Has_as_civilization
US_1943
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Other objects
ltobjectgt
Resource_or_ infrastructure_element
Strategically_essential_resource_or_infrastructur
e_element
Raw_material
Product
Strategic_raw_material
Strategically_essential_goods_or_materiel
Farm-implements
Strategically_essential_ infrastructure_element
War_materiel_and_transports
Main_airport
Main_seaport
Sole_airport
Sole_seaport
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The feature hierarchy
Overall organization
Informal descriptions
Goals
Component of
Economic factors
Controlling factors
Geographic factors
Other relevant factors
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Overall organization of the feature hierarchy
ltobject_featuregt D ltobjectgt R ltobjectgt
informal_specification D ltobjectgt R any string
has_as_type_of_civilization D Force R
Type_of_civilization
has_as_governing_body D Force R
Type_of_governing_body
has_as_opposing_force D Scenario R Force
has_as_force_goals D Force R any string
has_as_controlling_element D Force R
Controlling_element
has_as_component D Force R Single_state_force
Group
has_as_economic_factor D Force R Economic_factor
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Overall organization of the feature hierarchy
(cont.)
ltobject_featuregt D ltobjectgt R ltobjectgt
has_primacy_in D Controlling_element R Force
type_of_operations D force R independent
operations joint operations combined
operations combined and joint operations
has_as_source_of_strength_and_power D Force R
Strategic_COG-relevant_factor
has_as_additional_relevant_factor D force R any
string
has_as_dominant_psychosocial_factor D Force R
will of the people will of the parliament
will of the religious body
has_as_geographic_center_of_power D Force R
Geographic_center_of_power
has_as_primary_force_element D Force R Force
has_as_dominant_partner D force R force
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Overall organization of the feature hierarchy
(cont.)
ltobject_featuregt D ltobjectgt R ltobjectgt
is_obtained_from D Product Raw_material R Place
is_a_major_generator_of D Economic_factor R
Product
produces D Industrial_authority R Product
controls D Economic_factor R Resource_
or_infrastructure_element
has_as_strategic_raw_material D Force R
Strategic_raw_material
is_critical_to_the_production_of D
Strategic_raw_material R Product
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Informal descriptions
informal_specification D ltobjectgt R any string
brief_description D ltobjectgt R any string
description D ltobjectgt R any string
documentation D ltobjectgt R any string
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Goals
has_as_force_goal D Force R Force_goal
has_as_strategic_goal D Force R Force_goal
has_as_operational_goal D Force R Force_goal
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Component of
has_as_component D Force R Single_state_force
Group
has_as_subgroup D Force R Group
component_state D Force R Single_state_force
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Economic factors
has_as_economic_factor D Force R Economic_factor
has_as_commerce_authority D Force R
Commerce_authority
has_as_information_network_or_system D Force R
Information_network_or_system
has_as_strategic_raw_materials D Force R
Strategic_raw_material
has_as_transportation_factor D Force R
Transportation_factor
has_as_industrial_factor D Force R
Industrial_factor
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Economic factors (cont.)
has_as_industrial_factor D Force R
Industrial_factor
has_as_industrial_authority D Force R
Industrial_authority
has_as_industrial_center D Force R
Industrial_center
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Economic factors (cont.)
has_as_transportation_factor D Force R
Transportation_factor
has_as_transportation_network_or_system D
Force R Transportation_network_or_system
has_as_transportation_center D Force R
Transportation_center
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Controlling factors
has_as_controlling_element D Type_of_governing_bo
dy R Controlling_element
has_as_controlling_leader D Type_of_governing_bod
y R Controlling_leader
has_as_controlling_group D Type_of_governing_body
R Controlling_group
has_as_other_controlling_element D
Type_of_governing_body R Controlling_element
has_as_controlling_organization D
Type_of_governing_body R Controlling_organization
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Controlling factors (cont.)
has_as_controlling_leader D Type_of_governing_bod
y R Controlling_leader
has_as_religious_leader D Type_of_governing_body
R Religious_leader
has_as_god_king D Type_of_governing_body R
God_king
has_as_monarch D Type_of_governing_body R
Monarch
has_as_military_leader D Type_of_governing_body R
Military_leader
has_as_political_leader D Type_of_governing_body
R Political_leader
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Controlling factors (cont.)
has_as_controlling_group D Type_of_governing_body
R Controlling_group
has_as_military_staff D Type_of_governing_body R
Military_staff
has_as_political_cabinet_or_staff D
Type_of_governing_body R Political_cabinet_or_st
aff
has_as_religious_body D Type_of_governing_body R
Religious_body
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Controlling factors (cont.)
has_as_controlling_organization D
Type_of_governing_body R Controlling_organizatio
n
has_as_ruling_political_party D
Type_of_governing_body R Ruling_political_party
has_as_secret_police D Type_of_governing_body R
Secret_police
has_as_conventional_law_enforcement_organization D
Type_of_governing_body R Conventional_law_enfor
cement_organization
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Controlling factors (cont.)
has_primacy_in D Controlling_element R Force
has_objective_setting_primacy_in D
Controlling_element R Force
has_decision_making_primacy_in D
Controlling_element R Force
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Geographic factors
has_as_geographic_center_of_power D Force R
Geographic_power
has_as_other_geographic_center_of_power D
Force R Other_geographic_center_of_power
has_as_capital D Force R Capital
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Other relevant factors
has_as_additional_relevant_factor D Force R
Strategic_COG_relevant_factor
has_as_other_relevant_factor D Force R
Other_relevant_factor
has_as_other_demographic_factor D Force R
Demographic_factor
has_as_other_political_factor D Force R
Political_factor
has_as_other_economic_factor D Force R
Economic_factor
has_as_other_military_factor D Force R
Military_factor
has_as_other_geographic_factor D Force R
Geographic_factor
has_as_other_psychosocial_factor D Force R
Psychosocial_factor
has_as_other_historic_factor D Force R
Historic_factor
has_as_other_international_factor D Force R
International_factor