Impacts of Site Resources on the Productivity of Eucalyptus Plantations in Brazil

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Impacts of Site Resources on the Productivity of
Eucalyptus Plantations in Brazil Jose Luiz
Stape jlstape_at_ncsu.edu Dept. Forestry and
Environmental Resources NCSU
NC STATE UNIVERSITY
University of Georgia Athens March 2009
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Topics

• Eucalyptus and Pinus forests Brazil
• From Empirical to Process-Based Researches
• Modelling

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ClimateMean Annual Temp 15 to 29ºCRain
700 to 2500 mm/yr90 lt 800 m asl
So, why plantations?
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São Paulo State Deforestation
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Dr. Navarro and friends in a 1925 Picture
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Seeds sources Sao Paulo State Forests, USP
Forests, Australia, USA, Central America
Countries
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ForestPlantations
100.000 ha 100 PulpPaper 0.7 Surface
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BRAZIL CONTEXT

• 6 millions ha Eucalyptus, Pinus, Acacia
• 4-fold Increase in Productivity

- Short-Rotation, Wood Plot-Level Studies - Yield
Models Site-Species-Specific (SI, BA)
1960s 6 Mg ha-1 y-1
Actual 25 Mg ha-1 y-1
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Typical Imported Seeds Plantation - 1970
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The Same Area Today E.grandis Clone
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Not using fire anymore (since 1990)
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Keeping the slash for soil protection and
sustainability
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Subsoilers
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Eucalyptus grandis x urophylla 1.5 year-old
35 lb P/ac No
Fertilization
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MAI of Jari Project (Pacheco 1997)
Clones SP F WC
Eucalyptus urophylla F
Pinus
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Extreme (Low) Values

• - Inadequate Climates
• Inadequate Soils
• Not Tested Clones
• WNPP lt 500 g m-2yr-1

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• - Adequate Climates
• Adequate Soils
• Local Selected Clones
• Fertilization
• Weeds and Pests Control
• WNPP up to 4000 g m-2yr-1

4 years-old
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Environment Genetics Management
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Tropical plantation ecosystem
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Empirical Approach Restricts Extrapolations
Across Spatial and Temporal Scales
- Process-Based Models - Production Ecology
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Brazil Eucalyptus Plantations
World Ecosystems
Net Primary Production (g C m-2 yr-1)
Forest Woodlands Grasslands
Schimel et al. 1996
Evapotranspiration (mm yr-1)
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To Characterize the Production Ecology of Clonal
Eucalyptus Plantations
Transect 14 stands of E.grandis x urophylla along
a geographic gradient
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MAI - Rainfall
RootAbove Partitioning
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Resource-Use-Efficiency
VPD and Rainfall Inversely Related
Water Use Efficiency f (1/ VPD)

• Light- and N-use-efficiency Increased with
  Rainfall (Productivity)
• Higher stomatal conductance and aboveground
  allocation

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Study Site, Design
2 X 2 Factorial 4 reps 900 m² plots
E. grandis x urophylla 3.5- to 5.5-year-old
Fertilization Control x High Water Rainfed x
Irrigation
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GPP ANPP TBCA Rp
ANPP Direct Measurements per Plot
TBCA FS FA ?C (Nadelhoffer and Raich 1990)
Rp Respiration Equations (Giardina Ryan 2002)
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GPP APAR . ?. fW. fN .fD
? Maximum Canopy Quantum Efficiency fi
Constraints to Photosynthesis soil water,
fertility, VPD apparent ? ?. fi
Treatment Constraint
Control fD.fW.fN
Irrigated fD.fN
Fertilized fD.fW
Irrig, Fert. fD
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Rainfed
Irrigated
After 2 years ? 50 increase in Productivity
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Allocation (Average of wet and normal years)
Irrigation Effect
38 GPP Increased TBCA
Decreased the Fraction of GPP Allocated
Belowground 48 ANPP 32 ?
8 Allocation 7 APAR
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Rede Experimental BEPP Brasil Eucalyptus
Produtividade Potential
www.ipef.br/bepp/
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BEPP Main Objectives

• To estimate the potential productivity and
  efficiency use of resources of Eucalyptus
  genotypes in Brazil
• To determine the C fixation, allocation and
  storage of Eucalyptus plantations under water,
  nutrient and dominance manipulations
• To test how stand structure and dominance
  influence production
• To develop information for management
  applications to increase wood production and
  sustain the environment

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3rd Reunião Anual BEPP Veracel Site 2.5
Years-Old
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BASIC TREATMENTS
Fertilization Irrigation Planting Code

Potential Irrigated Uniform FIU
Potential Irrigated Heterog. FIH
Potential No Uniform FNU
Traditional Irrigated Uniform TIU
Traditional No Uniform TNU
Control No No Fert CNU
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2.8
5.8
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TNU 76 Mg/ha FNU 78 ( 3 ) FIU 105 (
38 )
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TNU 168 Mg/ha FNU 178 ( 6 ) FIU 197
( 18 )
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Conclusions Wood Biomass

• Traditional Fertilization is Necessary for
  Adequate Eucalyptus growth
• Actual Levels of Applied Nutrients are adequate
  for expected growth rates, or even higher.
• All sites are Water Limited (High Rainfall yearly
  influence)
• Stand Uniformity is a key issue for getting the
  expected productivity of clonal plantations

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Why Such Differences?

• Ecology Production Equation
• Wood Biomass Sum WNPP
• WNPP and ANPP are fractions of GPP
• ANPP APAR . LUE

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3 year-old ResultsWWood Biomass at Mid Rotation
ANPP at peak (Mg ha-1 yr-1)
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ANPP Mg/ha/yr
Clone, Fert. Irrigated
Clone, Fert.
Clone No Fert.
0.8 1.4 2.2
3.6 5.0 7.0 LAI (m2/m2)
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Veracel
BEPP
World Ecosystems
Net Primary Production (g C m-2 yr-1)
Forest Woodlands Grasslands
Schimel et al. 1996
Evapotranspiration (mm yr-1)
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ANPP and LAI for all Plots from Years 1 to 3
LUE
LAI
Leaves Grow Trees
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Happy Leaves Grow Trees
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CONCLUSIONS

• Traditional Fertilization is necessary and
  adequate to promote increase in LUE and LAI to
  optimal levels
• Water stress is the dominant environmental
  restriction to Potential Productivity mainly to
  its control, in the short term, in LUE
• The decrease of growth due to Heterogeneity is
  due to the drop of LUE of the stand (not LAI)
• Tree Improvement are selecting genetic material
  with higher LUE, but
• The mechanisms of Stomatal Conductance, LAI
  Litterfall and Root Growth are key processes to
  be addressed for tropical plantations in
  drought-risk areas
• The BEPP Data Set will be an extreme valuable
  source of information for Ecophys- and Hybrid
  Model

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24 months
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FIU 105 Mg/ha FIH 92 ( - 12 )
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FIU 197 Mg/ha FIH 166 ( - 16 )
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MAESTRA Model Tree Growth Tree Light Use
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Largest trees used light most efficiently to grow
wood Uniform plots more efficient for all sizes
End of rotation, Aracruz
Light Use Efficiency g/MJ
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Genética Manejo
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gs per Clone
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How Does Irrigation Influence WUE ?
No significant change in WUE
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Fine root distribution
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Landscape-scale studies of plantation ecosystems
response to management lessons for better
interpretation of plot-level studies
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Simple, powerful design pair a random subsample
of routine inventory plots with a complete
managed plot (twinplot design)
Inventory networks 1 Permanent Plot for every
20 ha Stratified by Species/Climate/Soil/Age/SI
A 5 subset of Inventory plots is used for the
Twinplot design Same Species/Climate/Soil/Age/SI
and Management
(Stape et al. 2006 FEM)
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Wood Productivity
DEFINING FACTORS Genotype, Tem, Rad.
CO2 LIMITING FACTORS Water, Nutrient s
DEFINING FACTORS Genotype, Tem, Rad.
CO2 LIMITING FACTORS Water,
Nutrients REDUCING FACTORS Weeds, Pests,
Diseases
Potential
Attainable
Actual
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Reaching Potential Productivity
DEFINING FACTORS Genotype, Tem, Rad.
CO2 LIMITING FACTORS Water, Nutrient s
DEFINING FACTORS Genotype, Tem, Rad.
CO2 LIMITING FACTORS Water,
Nutrients REDUCING FACTORS Weeds, Pests,
Diseases
Potential
Attainable
X
X
X
Actual
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Measurements Every 6 or 12 Months
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127 Twin-Plots (2002
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4.8 Mg/ha/yr
25 19 to 24 Mg/ha/yr
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The BEPP site
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Economical Analysis
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Wood Productivity
DEFINING FACTORS Genotype, Tem, Rad.
CO2 LIMITING FACTORS Water, Nutrient s
DEFINING FACTORS Genotype, Tem, Rad.
CO2 LIMITING FACTORS Water,
Nutrients REDUCING FACTORS Weeds, Pests,
Diseases
Potential
Attainable
X
X
X
Actual
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6-months Rainfall - SP
5 Mg/ha/yr
288 mm 934 mm 165 mm
867 mm
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Limiting Factors - E.grandis (SP)
Water
Weeds, Nutrition
Productivity (m³/ha/yr)
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LAI Ceptometer (APAR)
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Increase in Productivity was a combination
8.6 Mg/ha/y
2.2 Mg/ha/y
BA
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tp
Increase in LAI...
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tp
...Increase in Canopy Efficiency
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2008 Picture.Still Empirical Aproach
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Leaves Kill Trees
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1,155 Twin-Plots
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How to interact, and use, all the increasing
knowledge ?
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Model
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3-PG Model Landsberg Waring 1997
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Modelo 3 EV
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ICA (ton/ha/a) Jun 2000
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Inventory Plots
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LAI ?
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Manuals - Inventory
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CBERS, CBERS2
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Essential for Modelling Validation/Testing
BA
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Performance of the Process-Based Model for
Control-Plots (Fertility-rating based on
Fertilization-Responses)
Empirical SI Yield Model
3-PG Process-Based Model
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Forest - Center MAI m³/ha/yr
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Also Centered in Water Liters/ctch/yr
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PPPIBPotential Productivity of Pinus in Brazil
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PPPIB Produtividade Potencial do Pinus no Brasil
Jose L. Stape USP Mike Ryan USDA
Vale do Corisco Renato Norske Henrique,
Fernando Klabin Djalma, Márcia Arauco Ricardo,
Hélio Caxuana Gustavo, Eduardo Rigesa Ricardo,
Luis Masisa Mariana Stora Enso Edival, Monica
Juliana André Arbogen Fábio, Fernando
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III Reunião PPPIB USP
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Soils High Variability
Inceptisol
Ultisol
Oxisol
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And Root System
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Productivity (10 to 30 m3/ha/yr) Site Index (18
to 30 m)
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RootAboveground Ratio x MAI
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92 Sites 368 Plots, MAI 3 a 38 m³/ha/yr
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Conclusion

• Tropical Areas have a high potential to produce
  multipurpose wood from different species with
  high productivity and using less land
• Plantations must be continuously study to be
  correctly managed for the long-term
  sustainability
• Ecophysiological Modelling is the final goal to
  allow real ecosystem (forest) management
• Cooperative programs are the ideal system to
  speed up most of these initiatives

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Undergraduate and Graduate Students
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Evaluation of the Potential Productivity of
Loblolly Pine in Southeastern US using a
Twin-Plot Approach across Geological-Climatic
Gradients

• North Carolina State University
• Virginia Tech
• University of Georgia
• CAFS 09.14

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Potential Current Annual Increment, LAI 4.0 (To
be tested!) (Mode
Flores Allen 2005
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Or Any Ideal Agreed Transect
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Different Nutrient Deficiencies
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60 Twin-Plot Pairs across Georgia
Small-Scale
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Thanks