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Heredity and Conception Truth or Fiction

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Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus ... Infanticide occurs 60 times more often in stepfamilies ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Heredity and Conception Truth or Fiction


1
Chapter 13Middle ChildhoodSocial and Emotional
Development
2
Middle Childhood Social and Emotional
DevelopmentTruth or Fiction?
  • Childrens self-esteem tends to rise in middle
    childhood.
  • Parents who are in conflict should stay together
    for the sake of the children.

3
Middle Childhood Social and Emotional
DevelopmentTruth or Fiction?
  • The daughters of employed women are more
    achievement-oriented and set themselves higher
    career goals than the daughters of unemployed
    women.
  • In middle childhood, popular children tend to be
    attractive and relatively mature for their age.

4
Middle Childhood Social and Emotional
DevelopmentTruth or Fiction?
  • Teachers who have higher expectations of students
    may elicit greater achievements from them.
  • Teachers are more likely to accept calling out in
    class from boys than girls.

5
Middle Childhood Social and Emotional
DevelopmentTruth or Fiction?
  • Some childrenlike some adultsblame themselves
    for all the problems in their lives whether they
    deserve the blame or not.
  • It is better for children with school phobia to
    remain at home until the origins of the problem
    are uncovered and resolved.

6
Theories of Social and Emotional Development in
Middle Childhood
7
What Are Some Features of Social and Emotional
Development in Middle Childhood?
  • Psychoanalytic Theory
  • Freuds latency period
  • Eriksons industry versus inferiority
  • Social Cognitive Theory
  • Depend less on external rewards and punishments
  • Increase regulation of their behavior
  • Cognitive-Developmental Theory
  • Decrease in egocentrism
  • Capacity to see the perspective of others

8
What Is the Relationship Between Social Cognition
and Perspective Taking?
  • Social cognition
  • Development of knowledge about the world
  • Understanding relationship between self and
    others
  • Children progress through five levels of
    perspective taking

9
How Does Self-Concept Develop in Middle Childhood?
  • Focus on external (appearance) to internal
    characteristics
  • Social relationships and group memberships are
    significant

10
Lessons in Observation The Self-Concept
  • When asked to describe themselves by telling
    three things about themselves, the responses of
    Todd and Christopher are very different from the
    response of Rachel, Stephanie, and Ricardo. How
    do each of these children describe themselves?
  • Based on these self-descriptions, how old would
    you estimate the children to be? Why?

11
Lessons in Observation The Self-Concept
  • What evidence of social comparison is present in
    the response of the children in the video?
  • How are social comparisons related to a childs
    self-esteem?

12
Lessons in Observation The Self-Concept
  • When do children begin to incorporate
    psychological traits into their
    self-descriptions?
  • How does this relate to cognitive development?
  • Do the children in the video show age-related
    differences in their descriptions of themselves?
  • In what ways does self-concept typically change
    over the course of middle childhood?

13
How Does Self-Esteem Develop in Middle Childhood?
  • Competence and social acceptance contribute to
    self-esteem
  • As children begin self appraisal, self-esteem
    initially declines
  • Gender differences in self-esteem
  • Girlshigher on reading and academics
  • Boyshigher on math, physical ability and
    physical appearance
  • Influences on self-esteem
  • Parenting style
  • Relationship to parents
  • Social acceptance by peers

14
What Is Learned Helplessness, and How Does It
Develop?
  • Acquired belief one cannot obtain rewards
  • Helpless child quits following failure
  • Doubt ability and believe success is based on
    ability
  • Sex and Learned Helplessness
  • Girls feel more helpless in math and science than
    business

15
The Family
16
What Kinds of Influences Are Exerted by the
Family During Middle Childhood?
  • Parent-Child Relationships
  • Focus on school-related matters, chores, peer
    activities
  • Coregulationtransfer of control from parent to
    child
  • View parents as main source of emotional support

17
What Are the Effects of Having Lesbian or Gay
Parents?
  • Research focus
  • Psychological adjustment
  • Comparable to children of heterosexual parents
  • Sexual orientation
  • Prefer toys, clothing and friends typical for
    their sex and age
  • Generally heterosexual orientation

18
What Are the Effects of Divorce on Children?
  • Divorce impacts all aspects of family life
  • Difficult to isolate effects of divorce
  • Children of divorce
  • Experience multiple sources of anxiety
  • Experience greatest impact during first year
  • Boys seem to have more difficulty adjusting
  • Decline in quality of parenting and financial
    status
  • Role of status of mother related to childs
    well-being

19
Life in Stepfamilies
  • No conclusive effects of living in stepfamilies
  • Unique risks in stepfamilies
  • Infanticide occurs 60 times more often in
    stepfamilies
  • Slightly higher incidence of sexual abuse

20
Should Parents Who Bicker Remain Together for the
Children?
  • Parental conflict
  • Linked to problems similar to divorce
  • Adjustment problems
  • Present in children of divorce
  • May be greater in children living with parental
    conflict

21
What Are the Effects of Maternal Employment on
Children?
  • Greatest concern is lack of supervision
  • No evidence of negative effects
  • Some indication of positive effects
  • Greater independence, responsibility and
    competence
  • More flexible gender roles

22
Peer Relationships
23
What Is the Impact of Peers During Middle
Childhood?
  • Socialization Influence
  • Increasing importance of peers
  • Exert pressure to conform
  • Broaden children
  • Difference relating to parents versus peers
  • Some indication of positive effects
  • Peers provide real-world practice

24
What Are the Characteristics of Popular and
Rejected Children?
  • Popular Children
  • Tend to be attractive and mature for age
  • Socially skilled
  • Have higher self-esteem and success
  • Rejected Children
  • Show behavioral and learning problems
  • Are aggressive and disruptive

25
How Do Childrens Concepts of Friendship Develop?
  • Early Middle Childhood
  • Friendships based on proximity, shared activities
  • 8- to 11-year olds
  • Friends are nice to each other and trustworthy
  • Pick friends similar in personality and behavior
  • Tends to be segregated by sex
  • Girls develop closer friendships

26
The School
27
What Are the Effects of School on Childrens
Social and Emotional Development?
  • Entry into school
  • School experience makes multiple demands on
    children
  • School readiness is determined by
  • Childs early life experiences
  • Childs development and learning
  • Reasonable expectations for students
  • Poor health care and lack of support put students
    at risk

28
What Are the Characteristics of a Good School?
  • Effective schools have
  • Energetic leadership
  • Empowered teachers and students
  • Orderly atmosphere
  • Academic curriculum with frequent assessment
  • High expectations for students
  • Similar class size

29
A Closer Look
BullyingAn Epidemic of Misbehavior and Fear
30
The Influence of Teachers
  • On student performance
  • Teachers behavior
  • Emotional climate of classroom
  • Teacher expectations
  • Expectations can become self-fulfilling
    prophesies
  • Sexism in the classroom
  • Girls are treated unequally by teachers, peers,
    tests, and curriculum

31
Social and Emotional Problems
32
What Are Conduct Disorders
  • Conduct disorders
  • Child consistently breaks rules or violates
    rights of others
  • Emerge around age 8, more prevalent in boys
  • Tend to endure
  • Origins of conduct disorder
  • Genetic component
  • Inconsistent discipline, antisocial family
    members, deviant peers
  • Treatment of conduct disorders
  • Cognitive behavioral techniques involving parent
    training
  • Teach children social, coping and problem-solving
    skills

33
What Is Depression?
  • Depressed children
  • Show poor appetite, insomnia, difficulty
    concentrating
  • Loss of self-esteem and interest in people and
    activities they enjoy
  • Feel hopeless and show thoughts of suicide
  • Origins of depression
  • Low levels of social and academic competence
  • Stressful life events and poor problem solving
  • Attribute failures to internal, stable and global
    factors
  • Treatment of depression
  • Psychotherapy
  • Antidepressants

34
What Is Separation Anxiety Disorder?
  • Persistent and excessive separation anxiety
  • Inappropriate for developmental level
  • Interferes with activities
  • Children with SAD
  • Cling to parents and may refuse to attend school

35
What Are the Connections Between Separation
Anxiety Disorder, School Phobia, and School
Refusal?
  • SAD may be expressed as school phobia
  • School phobiafear of school or refusal to attend
  • May occur outside of presence of SAD
  • School refusal
  • May occur for reasons other than fear or anxiety
  • Treatments
  • Get the child to attend school
  • Cognitive-behavioral approaches
  • Antidepressant medication

36
Developing in a World of Diversity
Problems? No Problem. (For Some Children.)
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