Intelligent Systems

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Intelligent Systems

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Content

• What is AI?
• Is a Machine Intelligent?
• History of AI

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Intelligent Systems

• What is AI?

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What is AI?
There is no agreed definition of the term
artificial intelligence. However, there are
various definitions that have been proposed. Some
will be considered below.
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What is AI?
American Association for Artificial Intelligence
The scientific understanding of the mechanisms
underlying thought and intelligent behavior and
their embodiment in machines.
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What is AI?
American Association for Artificial Intelligence
The scientific understanding of the mechanisms
underlying thought and intelligent behavior and
their embodiment in machines.
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What is AI?

• AI is a study in which computer systems are made
  that think like human beings. Haugeland, 1985
  Bellman, 1978.
• AI is a study in which computer systems are made
  that act like people. AI is the art of creating
  computers that perform functions that require
  intelligence when performed by people. Kurzweil,
  1990.
• AI is the study of how to make computers do
  things which at the moment people are better at.
  Rich Knight, 1991
• AI is a study in which computers that rationally
  think are made. Charniac McDermott, 1985.
• AI is the study of computations that make it
  possible to perceive, reason and act. Winston,
  1992.
• AI is the study in which systems that rationally
  act are made. AI is considered to be a study that
  seeks to explain and emulate intelligent
  behaviour in terms of computational processes.
  Schalkeoff, 1990.
• AI is considered to be a branch of computer
  science that is concerned with the automation of
  intelligent behavior. Luger Stubblefield, 1993.

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What is AI?
The exciting new effort to make computers thinks
machine with minds, in the full and literal
sense (Haugeland 1985)
The study of mental faculties through the use of
computational models (Charniak et al. 1985)
The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when
performed by people (Kurzweil, 1990)
A field of study that seeks to explain and
emulate intelligent behavior in terms of
computational processes (Schalkol, 1990)
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What is AI?
Systems that think like humans
Systems that think rationally
The exciting new effort to make computers thinks
machine with minds, in the full and literal
sense (Haugeland 1985)
The study of mental faculties through the use of
computational models (Charniak et al. 1985)
Systems that act like humans
Systems that act rationally
The art of creating machines that perform
functions that require intelligence when
performed by people (Kurzweil, 1990)
A field of study that seeks to explain and
emulate intelligent behavior in terms of
computational processes (Schalkol, 1990)
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Intelligent Systems

• Is a Machine Intelligent?

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Weak and Strong AI

• Weak AI
• Computers can be programmed to act as if they
  were intelligent (as if they were thinking)
• Strong AI
• Computers can be programmed to think (i.e. they
  really are thinking)

Can machines think?
Can machines have a mind?
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Turing Test

• How can we evaluate intelligence?
• Turing 1950 a machine can be deemed intelligent
  when its responses to interrogation by a human
  are indistinguishable from those of a human
  being.

Interrogator
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Turing Test
Turing thought that any machine which passes the
test should be considered intelligent, or more
precisely, should be considered to 'think'.
Interrogator
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Turing Test
Turing thought that any machine which passes the
test should be considered intelligent, or more
precisely, should be considered to 'think'.
Interrogator
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Turing Test
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Turing Test
Don't some people say that AI is a bad idea?
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Chinese Room Argument

• Devised by John Searle
• An argument against the possibility of true
  artificial intelligence.

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Chinese Room Argument
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Chinese Room Argument

• Computer Programs are formal (syntactic)
• Human minds have mental contents (semantics)

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Chinese Room Argument
The reason that no computer program can ever be
a mind is simply that a computer program is only
syntactical, and minds are more than syntactical.
Minds are semantical, they have content. - John
Searle
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Intelligent Systems

• History of AI

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History of AI

• 1943 McCulloch Pitts Boolean circuit model of
  brain
• 1950 Turings Computing Machinery and
  Intelligence
• 1950s Early AI programs, including Samuels
  checkers (draughts) program
• Newell Simons Logic Theorist, Gelernters
  Geometry Engine
• 1956 Dartmouth meeting Artificial Intelligence
  adopted
• 196674 AI discovers computational complexity,
  Neural network research
  almost disappears
• 196979 Early development of knowledge-based
  systems
• 198088 Expert systems industry booms
• 198893 Expert systems industry busts AI
  Winter
• 198595 Neural networks return to popularity
• 1988 Resurgence of probabilistic and
  decision-theoretic methods Rapid increase in
  technical depth of mainstream AI,
• Nouvelle AI ALife, GAs, soft computing

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History of AI