Memory retrieval, forgetting and study strategies

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Memory retrieval, forgetting and study strategies

• Kasymova Nargiza
• ECO-104

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• Which is easier a multiple-choice question or a
  short-answer essay question-and why?
• Have you ever forgetten where you left your key,
  to meet with your boyfriend/girlfriend or your
  sister birthday?
• Why we cannot remember having our parents feed us
  during infancy, taking our first steps, our first
  sentences?
• Which periods of life tend to stand out in
  memory?
• Is it possible to increase our recall of
  information?

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Process of Retrieval(or reconstucting the past)
Retrieval Cue

• Retrieval cues come from a variety of sources
• External (environment)
• You leave a note for yourself
• Teacher asks you a question.
• Internal
• You remind yourself
• As we will see, this process is not so simple

Association between cue and memory
Target Memory
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Measures of Memory(How we retrieve the contents
of memory)

• Explicit memory
• - recall
• - recognition
• Implicit memory
• -priming
• -relearning

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Explicit memory

• Recall
• - the individual must retrieve previously
  learned information
• (an essay on the test)
• Recognition
• - the individual only has to recognize learned
  items
• (a multiple-choice test)
• Recall and recognition mostly refer to the types
  of tests we use to measure memory.
• In almost all laboratory experiments there are
  study and test phases.

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Memory Recall

• Free recall
• No cues are provided
• e.g., Tell me about what you did during Spring
  Break.
• Recall the items in any order
• Cued recall
• Cues are provided but the target information is
  not present in the cue.
• e.g. On your first day of Spring Break you drank
  a lot of alcohol and

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Examples of recall that you might recognize

• Free recall
• What is cognitive science?
• Cued recall
• The four major lobes of the brain are
• Fr____, Pa____, Oc____, Te_____
• (Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal)

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Memory Recognition

• Recognition
• In some tests, distractors are presented along
  with target.
• Identify the target from the distractors.
• In other tests, one item (either target or
  distractor) is presented by itself.
• Yes or No, do you recognize this item?

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Memory Recognition
Study Phase

• Remember this face

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Memory Recognition
Test Phase (with distractors)
Did you see any of these faces earlier?

• In recognition tasks, people must identify
  targets
• and avoid distractors

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Memory Recognition
Test Phase (single item)
Yes or No did you study this face earlier? The
famous pick up line Have we met before?
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Example of recognition that you might recognize

• The cell that is specialized for receiving and
• transmitting a neural impulse.
• a. Synapse
• b. Myelin
• c. Neuron
• d. Node

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Implicit memory

• Priming
• -the individual reads or listens to
• information and is later tested
• Relearning method (or saving method)
• -compare the time required to relearn material
  with the time used in the initial learning of the
  material

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Priming
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Relearning
Exposure to information
Relearn same task later
Task 1
Task 2
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Do you remember this concept?

• Have you tried to remember someone s name,
  convinced that you knew it, but were unable to
  recall it no matter how hard you tried?
• (Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon)

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What kind of memory is it?

• Each of us remember that Princessa Diana had been
  killed in a car crash, World War II began in
  1941...
• (Flashbulb Memory)

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What kind of memory is it?

• The children were kidnapped at gun-point on a
  school bus in California, then buried underground
  for 16 hours before escaping?
• ( Personal Trauma)

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What kind of memory is it?

• You recall information better, if your mood is
  similar at encoding and r?trieval.
• (Mood-Congruent Memory)

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Forgetting
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Why Do We Forget?

• Decay theory
• New memories for Old
• Interference theory

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Decay theory...

• ...states that something new is learned, a
  neorochemical memory trace is formed, but over
  a time this trace tends to fade (?????????)

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New memories for Old...

• ...states that new information can completely
  wipe out old information, just as rerecording on
  an audiotape or videotape will obliterate(???????)
  the original material

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Interference theory...

• ...states that we forget not because memories are
  actually lost from storage, but because other
  information gets in the way of what we want to
  remember

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Retroactive interference
Judy
Julie
Learned first
Learned second
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Proactive Interferance
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Autobiographical memories

• A person s recollections of his or her life
  experiences
• Childhood amnesia (sometimes called infantile
  amnesia)

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Memory and study startegies
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Memory and study startegies

• Pay attention and minimize distraction
• Understand materials rather than rotely
  memorize(?????????)
• Organize what you put into memory
• Ask yourself questions
• Spread out and consolidate your learning
• Organize your lecture notes

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Memory and study strategies

• Mnemonics - strategies and tricks for
  improving memory, such as the use of specific
  memory aids for remembering information.
• (Mnemosyne was the ancient Greek goddess of
  memory)

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Mnemonic strategies

• The method of loci is a mnemonic strategy in
  which you develop an image of items to remembered
  and store them in familiar locations(loci is
  the Latin word for places)

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Mnemonic strategies

• Acronyms is a mnemonic strategy in which you
  create a word from the first letters of items to
  be remembered
• For example The name of Great Lakes Huron,
  Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.
• Use the word HOMES

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Mnemonic strategies

• The keyword method is also a mnemonic strategy in
  which vivid(?????) imagery is attached to
  important words.
• For example Foreign word is paired with a
  common Russian word. Tomato ?????
  ???????

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References...

• Santrock J.W, (2000). Psychology. New-York MC
  Graw Hill, 236-248.
• Wade C., Tavris C., (1999). Psychology. Longman,
  226-256.
• Brandon, (2006). Presentation from Net Work.
• www.zefrank.com/memory/dana (games)

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