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Title: BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES Serving the Present, Shaping the Future http:www'science'doe'govbes


1
BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES Serving the Present,
Shaping the Futurehttp//www.science.doe.gov/bes
Basic Energy Sciences Scientific User Facilities
Patricia M. Dehmer Director, Basic Energy
Sciences 28 January 2007
2
Department of Energy
Raymond L. Orbach
BES
2
3
BES Portfolio
  • Basic research for discovery
  • To unlock the mysteries of materials, their
    chemical and physical properties and
    transformations, and their extraordinary atomic
    assemblages
  • Basic research in support of the DOE missions
  • To advance energy and national security
  • Tools for discovery
  • To provide forefront scientific user facilities
    to probe and manipulate the molecular world

4
BES Scientific User Facilities
Advanced Photon Source
Electron Microscopy Center for Materials Research
Materials Preparation Center
Center for Nanoscale Materials
Advanced Light Source
Center for Functional Nanomaterials
Intense Pulsed Neutron Source
National Center for Electron Microscopy
National Synchrotron Light Source
Molecular Foundry
National Synchrotron Light Source-II
Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lab
Spallation Neutron Source
Linac Coherent Light Source
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences
Combustion Research Facility
Los Alamos Neutron Science Center
Shared Research Equipment Program
Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies
High-Flux Isotope Reactor
Pulse Radiolysis Facility
  • 4 Synchrotron Radiation Light Sources
  • Linac Coherent Light Source (Under construction)
  • 4 Neutron Sources
  • 3 Electron Beam Microcharacterization Centers
  • 5 Nanoscale Science Research Centers (Under
    construction)
  • 3 Special Purpose Centers

5
Details of the FY 2007 Congressional Budget
Request for BES - 1,421M
6
Operating Budgets for the BES Scientific User
Facilities
6
7
The 6 Federally Funded U.S. Light Sources Hosted
9,159 Users in FY 2005
The size and demographics of the user community
have changed dramatically since the 1980s when
only a few hundred intrepid users visited the
synchrotron light sources each year. Here,
user is a researcher who proposes and conducts
peer-reviewed experiments at a scientific
facility or conducts experiments at the facility
remotely. A user does not include individuals
who only send samples to be analyzed, pay to have
services performed, or visit the facility for
tours or educational purposes. Users also do not
include researchers who collaborate on the
proposal or subsequent research paper but do not
conduct experiments at the facility. For annual
totals, an individual is counted as 1 user at a
particular facility no matter how often or how
long the researcher conducts experiments at the
facility during the year.
8
For the 4 BES Light Sources, the Majority of
Users Continue to be from Academia
9,000
8,500
8,000
7,500
7,000
6,500
6,000
5,500
5,000
Number of Users
4,500
4,000
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
-
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Fiscal Year
Notably, the fraction of industrial users has
declined significantly over the past 15 years,
reflecting the trend of industry to move away
from fundamental research. The fraction of users
from the host institutions has grown, reflecting
a new commitment on the part of the host
institutions to these user facilities.
9
Update on the New Metrics for Assessing BES Light
Sources (and, by extension, the other BES user
facilities, too)
  • In FY 2004, BES initiated a pilot study to
    collect data in addition to the data regularly
    collected i.e., the total numbers of users and
    the performance of the accelerator complex to
    better assess effective facility utilization.
  • The new data collected included (1) total
    available ports for beamlines (2) number and
    quality of beamlines in operation and (3) number
    of staff, including all relevant support staff,
    dedicated to the use of the beamlines.
  • For the four BES synchrotrons that participated
    in the FY 2004 pilot study, the data for each
    facility were vetted by a normalization team
    consisting of one senior technical staff member
    from each of the light sources. The team visited
    the light sources and spot checked the ratings to
    ensure uniformity.
  • In FY 2005, after reviewing the data collected in
    the FY 2004 beta test, BES provided refined
    instructions to the BES synchrotrons. The
    facilities were asked to redo their FY 2004 data
    using the new instructions and to provide FY 2005
    data.
  • These data and some comparable data for two NSF
    facilities the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron
    Source (CHESS) at Cornell University and the
    Synchrotron Radiation Center (SRC) at the
    University of Wisconsin were included in a
    report of an Interagency Working Group (IWG)
    tasked by the Office of Science and Technology
    Policy (OSTP) to investigate the status, needs,
    associated policy matters, and interagency
    coordination issues required for the maximizing
    the scientific impact and efficient operation of
    existing light sources.
  • BES will continue to collect these data annually
    from its light sources to provide insight on
    effective facility utilization.

10
All Beamlines are Binned into Three Techniques,
Each Technique Has Four Subcategories http//www.s
c.doe.gov/bes/synchrotron_techniques/
Recall that the BES light sources identified
twelve categories of instruments. Descriptions
of each with examples of the science enabled are
posted on the web in an excellent reference
document and tutorial on light source
instrumentation. SPECTROSCOPY techniques are
used to study the energies of particles that are
emitted or absorbed by samples that are exposed
to the light-source beam and are commonly used to
determine the characteristics of chemical bonding
and electron motion. 01 Low-Energy
Spectroscopy 02 Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy 03 Hard
X-Ray Spectroscopy 04 Optics/Calibration/Metrolog
y SCATTERING or diffraction techniques make use
of the patterns of light produced when x-rays are
deflected by the closely spaced lattice of atoms
in solids and are commonly used to determine the
structures of crystals and large molecules such
as proteins. 05 Hard X-Ray Diffraction 06
Macromolecular Crystallography 07 Hard X-Ray
Scattering 08 Soft X-Ray Scattering IMAGING
techniques use the light-source beam to obtain
pictures with fine spatial resolution of the
samples under study and are used in diverse
research areas such as cell biology, lithography,
infrared microscopy, radiology, and x-ray
tomography. 09 Hard X-Ray Imaging 10 Soft
X-Ray Imaging 11 Infrared Imaging 12 Lithography
10
11
A Beamline Head Count at the 6 Federally Funded
Light Sources
In FY 2005, there were 207 operating beamlines at
the six U.S. synchrotron light sources (2 of
which are educational beamlines at the SRC), 29
beamlines under construction, 14 beamlines being
planned, and 64 open ports with no beamlines.
However, not all of these open spaces for
beamlines can be developed into best-in-class
beamlines. This is due primarily to space
limitations on the light source experimental
floors and to ultimate brightness of the beam
from the beam port. For example, at the APS,
only 20 of the 20 uncommitted ports access the
high-brightness insertion devices. Also, many
of the open spaces at SSRL have very significant
space limitations.

Operating
67
Open Ports
20
Construction
Planned
9
4
12
Distribution of Beamline Techniques Reveals
Important Differences in the U.S. Light Sources
Classifying the instruments at the light sources
by the twelve categories of beamlines reveals
some of the differences among the facilities.
For example, the APS, a hard x-ray light source,
emphasizes scattering while the ALS, a soft x-ray
light source, emphasizes spectroscopy and
imaging. A further breakout of the twelve
categories of instruments, four in each of the
three major categories of spectroscopy,
scattering, and imaging at all six U.S. light
sources is shown in the table below.

13
Distribution of Technical Quality of the 171
Operating Beamlines at the 4 BES Light Sources
10
30
21
1.0 optimal performance
0.8 minor upgrade required
0.6 moderate upgrade required
45
0.4 major upgrade required
65
0.2 marginally useful
After the beamlines were counted, the operating
beamlines were then rated according to a quality
factor. This was done by the light source senior
staff. For the four DOE synchrotrons that
participated in the FY 2004 pilot study, the
quality factor assignments for each beamline were
vetted by a normalization team consisting of
one senior technical staff member from each of
the light sources. The team visited the light
sources and spot checked the ratings to ensure
uniformity. After a beta test during FY
2004, refined instructions were provided for FY
2005. The data shown here were collected based
on FY 2005 surveys. The quality factor data
indicate that only 18 percent of the beamlines at
the four DOE facilities are operating at optimal
performance. An equal number of operating
beamlines require major upgrades or are
marginally useful. The majority of beamlines, 64
percent, require minor or moderate upgrades.
Across the four DOE facilities, 46 beamlines (27
percent) were rated as "Best in Class" as
bench-marked against similar capabilities
worldwide.
14
Beamline Staffing at the BES Light Sources is
60 of Optimum
FY 2005 Staffing 398
Needed Staffing 272
Each light source determined the staffing levels
at every beamline and estimated the optimum
number for each beamline. Staffing levels
included the number of staff who directly support
users at a beamline and the fractional staff per
beamline in other indirect support areas, e.g.,
mechanical, electrical, vacuum, computer and IT,
ESH, user coordinators, and so forth. The
normalization team also helped to ensure
uniformity in these assessments. The results
showed that the DOE facilities have staffing
levels averaging about 2.3 staff per beamline,
which was only about 60 of the estimated optimum
number.
15
World-wide Capacity of All Light Sources in
Operation Today
World-wide capacity of all sources in operation
today. In this figure, the size of the symbols
has been scaled to the total capacity, i.e. sum
of insertion device ports and bending magnet
ports, for each facility. From the plot one can
see that each region (U.S., Europe, Asia
Pacific Rim) has very comparable capacity at the
present.
16
World-wide Capacity of All 3rd Generation Light
Sources Operating or Funded for Construction
Given that 1st and 2nd generation facilities will
become obsolete sometime in the early part of the
next decade, a more useful plot would be a
similar world map of the capacity (as measured by
the sum of the number of the insertion device
ports and bending magnet ports) for each 3rd
generation sources presently in operation, and
those in construction and in design with a
construction commitment. It is seen that the
U.S. will lose its dominance in x-ray science by
the end of the decade.
16
16
17
The Spallation Neutron Source Project is
Complete!Ahead of schedule, under budget,
meeting all technical milestones
17
18
Overview of the Target 14 November 2005
Thom Mason, Jack Marburger, Jim Roberto
18
19
First Neutrons 28 April 2006
20
Proposed SNS Operation Tentative Schedule,
Internal Goals
21
Next Step 2 Commission the Instruments
21
22
SNS Instrument Layout
22
23
SNS Instrument Status Nearly All Instruments
Already Have Funding
24
SNS Power Upgrade Project (PUP) Summary
  • SNS PUP received CD-0 November 22, 2004
  • PUP technical objective 2 MW proton beam on
    target, requiring the following scope
  • Initial SNS
  • Baseline Upgrade
  • Kinetic energy (GeV) 1.0 1.3
  • 9 additional high-beta cryomodules 12 21
  • 36 additional RF systems and supporting
    infrastructure 81 117
  • New, higher-power target with gas injection (MW
    capable) gt 1 gt 2
  • Ion source peak current (mA) 38 59
  • Also included in the SNS PUP scope
  • Klystron gallery electrical distribution
  • Redesigned ring injection region and replacement
    of two chicane (2) dipoles
  • Equip SRF laboratories and cryomodule test cave

25
SNS Superconducting Linac Showing Cryomodule Gaps
for the PUP Upgrade
25
26
Aerial View of HFIR Showing the Guide Hall
26
27
HFIR Proposed Instrument Layout All Instruments
27
28
Cutaway View of HFIR Instrument Layout
28
29
HFIR Current Status of Guide Hall
29
30
Construction is Complete and Initial Operations
are Underway at Four NSRCs
Molecular Foundry (Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory)
Center for Functional Nanomaterials (Brookhaven
National Laboratory)
Center for Nanoscale Materials (Argonne National
Laboratory)
Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (Sandia
Los Alamos National Labs)
Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences (Oak
Ridge National Laboratory)
30
31
Critical Midsize Facilities the Electron Beam
Microcharacterization Centers
  • The most widely used probes of materials are
    beams of x-rays, neutrons, and electrons. While
    x-rays and neutrons have many advantages, the
    strong interactions of electron beams with matter
    provide the finest spatial resolution, with the
    possibility of obtaining images or diffraction
    information at the atomic level.
  • State-of-the-art x-ray synchrotrons and neutron
    scattering facilities are major facilities with
    central sources and many beamlines. Electron
    scattering, on the other hand, involves more
    discrete instruments that each incorporate their
    own source. Sets of such tools, along with the
    infrastructure and staff to support them,
    constitute midsized facilities. As emphasized in
    a recent National Academies report, such
    facilities play a pivotal and invigorating role
    in materials research.

Scattering Interactions
Schematic of a solid showing atomic nuclei (large
central dots) and electrons (small dots
encircling the nuclei). Beams of neutrons (red),
x-rays (blue), and electrons (green) are seen to
interact with the solid by different mechanisms.

2006 Report from National Academies/NRC,
co-sponsored by BES Materials Sciences and
Engineering Division
32
BES User Facilities for Electron Beam
Microcharacterization
  • BES supports the operation of three electron
    scattering user facilities
  • Electron Microscopy Center (EMC) at Argonne
    National Laboratory
  • National Center for Electron Microscopy (NCEM) at
    Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  • Shared Research Equipment (SHaRE) Program at Oak
    Ridge National Laboratory
  • These facilities serve 500 users per year there
    were 565 refereed publications during 2003-2005.
  • Each is collocated with one of the new BES
    Nanoscale Science Research Centers, providing
    complementary characterization capabilities to
    the synthesis, processing, fabrication, and
    analysis tools of the NSRCs.

Atomic structure of a Sigma 13 grain boundary in
SrTiO3. The reconstructed phase image reveals all
atom columns at the boundary including a Sr
column splitting (0.9 Å) and the position of
Oxygen columns. The high sensitivity of the
microscope allows for an evaluation of the oxygen
occupancy in each of the columns J. Ayache et
al., J. Materials Science 40 (2005) 3091.
NCEM (LBNL) One-Angstrom Microscope
33
Scientific User Facilities
  • Under construction at the time of the evaluation
  • Spallation Neutron Source
  • 5 Nanoscale Science Research Centers
  • SSRL (SPEAR3) upgrade
  • Facilities underway since the evaluation
  • Transmission Electron Aberration Corrected
    Microscope
  • Linac Coherent Light Source
  • National Synchrotron Light Source - II
  • Facilities rated longer-term priority at the time
    of the evaluation
  • Spallation Neutron Source power upgrade (CD-0
    signed)
  • --------------------------------------------------
    -------------------------------
  • Spallation Neutron Source 2nd target station
  • Advanced Light Source upgrade
  • Advanced Photon Source upgrade
  • Whats next in our planning?
  • Future Science Needs and Opportunities for
    Electron Scattering Next-Generation
    Instrumentation and Beyond , March 1-2, 2007

BESAC evaluation February 2003 Report released
late 2003
Available at http//www.science.doe.gov/Sub/Facili
ties_for_future/facilities_future.htm
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