Sex the biological differences between males and females Gender social meanings, expectations, behav

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Sex - the biological differences between males
and femalesGender - social meanings,
expectations, behaviors that are attached to
biological sex
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Biology and Culture

• Biology and culture interact to produce a
  persons gender identity our perception of
  ourselves as women and men

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Gender as a Social Construct

• Hair norms

Gender Polarization

• organizing of social life around male-female
  distinction
• Dress, expression of emotions

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Population

• Females 149.1 million Males 144.5 million
• Males outnumbered females until 40 to 44-age
  group
• At 85 and over, there are more than twice as many
  women as men.

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THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO STUDYING GENDER
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FUNCTIONALIST

• SOCIAL STABILITY
• gender roles provide division of labor
• gender differentiation has contributed to overall
  social stability
• women's role and men's role complement each other

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CONFLICT THEORY

• Sex-roles equal power relationship/resource
  struggle
• The relationship between females and males has
  been one of unequal power.
• View gender differences as a reflection of the
  subjugation of one group by another group.

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SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST

• How people create gender roles through
  interaction
• (doesnt really explain it, just describes how it
  works and the consequences)
• LANGUAGE, TOUCHING, ETC.

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• Gender Stratification
• 1960s wm earned 59 of what men earned
• Now approx. 77

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Education

• Ages 25-29
• Bachelors degree or higher
• Females - 31
• Males 26
• High School
• Females - 88
• Males 85

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Education

• Degrees Awarded to Women
• 1979-1980 2004-2005
• Bachelors 49 57
• Masters 49 59
• Doctoral 30 49

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• WHY WAGE DIFFERENCES?
• 1) OVERT DISCRIMINATION
• 2) FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES
• 3) OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION
• Women tend to be located in jobs that are
  devalued, lower prestige, lower pay

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Occupational Segregation

• Women are
• 76 of teachers (not counting college)
• 83 elementary
• 2/3 of retail sales workers
• 92 of secretaries
• 95 of private service workers

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Internal Occupational Segregation

• Even when working within the same occupation,
  women are segregated into particular fields or
  job types
• women physicians in pediatrics,
  obstetrics/gynecology, general medicine
• men in neurosurgery, cardiology, oncology

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THE SECOND SHIFT

• Women still do the majority of the housework and
  childcare.
• After working outside the home they get ready to
  start their second shift.

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• AT ALL LEVELS IN THE CLASS SYSTEM, WOMEN HAVE
• LESS INCOME
• LESS WEALTH
• LESS POWER THAN MEN

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Women World Leaders
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The Worlds Most Powerful Women

• Forbes 2007

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THE SOCIALIZATION PROCESS AND GENDER
WHAT IS FEMININE AND MASCULINE? HOW DO WE ACQUIRE
SUCH DISTINCTIONS?
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Gender Socialization

• We learn expectations associated with our sex
• What are the traditional, stereotypical traits
  associated with femininity and masculinity?

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• IS IT A BOY OR GIRL?
• Rubin 1974 research
• Bonner 1984 study
• Research on physical and mental health

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• Other agents of socialization include
• Peers
• Religion
• Schools
• the Media

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•  Three basic techniques used to establish
  superiority or power are size, attention, and
  positioning.
• People in charge of their own lives typically
  stand up straight, alert and ready to meet the
  world.
• In contrast, the bending of the body conveys
  unpreparedness and submissiveness (Goffman,
  1976).

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• This blurry ad appeared in Goffman's text.
• may read much about the ad regardless of the
  context of the product being sold or the specific
  written text
• differences in positioning of male and female
  indicate clear power dimensions relevant to our
  society

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• Media messages - motivated by power and
  persuasion
• Commercial media created to generate profit
• Non-commercial media has many motivations
• Influencing people how to vote
• Sharing ways to protect the environment
• Promoting certain beliefs

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THEMES
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BODY PARTS
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COMPETITION
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VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
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CDC Stats

• Among females, approximately 1 in 3 homicides are
  intimate partner homicides.
• The nonfatal rate of sexual assault for females
  was 4.8 times higher than that for males.

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Rape

• According to the National Violence against Women
  survey, 1 in 6 women and 1 in 33 men in the U.S.
  have experienced an attempted or completed rape
  at some time in their lives.
• In 8 out of 10 rape cases, the victim knew the
  perpetrator.

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SEX (notice legs spread theme)
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Reality CheckOn what ideal is your body image
based?
If Barbie was a real woman, she'd have to walk on
all fours due to her proportions.
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What can a little photo manipulation produce
after the makeup artist and photographer have
done their jobs?
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• The average woman today is 5' 4 weighs 144
  lbs wears a size 12 -14

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The average American model is 5'11" and weighs
117 pounds
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Most fashion models are thinner than 98 of
American women
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4 out of 5 American women say they're
dissatisfied with the way they look
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• A study in 1995 found that three minutes spent
  looking at a fashion magazine caused 70 of women
  to feel depressed, guilty, and shameful.

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On any given day, almost half of the women in the
United States are on a diet
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• 150,000 Americans die annually from Anorexia
  Nervosa and Bulimia

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REALISTIC IMAGESPOSITIVE MESSAGES