The Impact of Aerosols on Atmospheric Composition and Air Quality

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The Impact of Aerosols onAtmospheric Composition
and Air Quality

• Reinhard Zellner
• Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
• University of Duisburg-Essen
• 45117 Essen, Germany

reinhard.zellner_at_uni-due.de http//www.uni-due/ipt
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Contents

• Atmospheric mechanisms and problems
• Stratospheric ozone depletion
• Tropospheric ozone formation
• Climate change
• Air quality
• The state of knowledge on
• VOC emissions and their temporal evolutions
• The role of VOCs in atmospheric mechanisms
• Upcoming issues
• Particle formation in aerosol applications
• Particles and human health

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The ozone hole over Antarctica on 04.10.2006
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Size of ozone hole over Antarctica
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Ozone-Trend
Height km
/ Decade
Seasonally resolved ozone trend at different
altitudes
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Rz-pola2.cdr
Temporal evolution of chemical species during an
ozone hole event
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wmo1_22.cdr
1950
Global atmospheric surface mixing ratios (ppt)
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Number of days exceeding threshold values in
Germany
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Chemical decay of selected ozone precursors
Volz-Thomas et al., 2003
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GAW27
Time series of anthropogenic VOCs
(Hohenpeißenberg, Germany)
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Past and future atmospheric CO2 concentrations
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Projections of surface temperature for different
scenarios
IPCC 2007
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Global averages of surface warming for the 21.
centuryand for different scenarios
IPCC 2007
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Global average radiative forcing (RF) estimates
IPCC 2007
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Environmental aerosol particles
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Chemical composition of PM 2.5 at different
locations
Putaud et al., 2004
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PM regulations in US/EU in mg/m3
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Estimated increase of risk ca. 0.6 per
additional 10 µg/m3 PM10
Schulz et al., 2005
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European Aerosol Production
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Ethanol i-propanol Other alcohols Dichloromethane
h.c. mixtures BPlt180 Pentane Acetone Other
ketones Ethylacetate Butylacetate Ethers
Propane i-butane n-butane Dimethylether Chloroetha
ne CO2 N2O N2 Air HFCs Source IGA (1998)
Solvents and Propellants used in ASCs
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• Evaporation of solvents
• Change of size/size distribution
• Deposition by sedimentation/diffusion (but not
  very rapid)
• Built-up of an in-door aerosol
• Inhalation, ingestion and dermal absorption
  possible
• Health effects will depend on compositions
  (non-volatile)/size/solubility etc.

The technical aerosol and health
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Regional deposition of inhaled NP with diameters
between 1 nm and 1000 nm for nose and mouth
breathing in the extrathoracic airways (ET), the
bronchial airways (Bb) and the alveolar region
(AI) during breathing at rest, as predicted by
ICRP 66 model (ICRP, 1994)
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Evidence from toxicological studies

• Uptake in the lungWhereas larger particles are
  removed by action of ciliated cells with the
  mucus, NPs are retained in the airway epithelium
  causing eventually pulmonary inflammation.
• Translocation from lung to bloodTranslocation
  has been observed but evidence still
  conflicting
• Uptake into gastrointestinal tract (GIT)A GI
  route of translocation of NP to the blood is
  suggested (from oral administration of drugs and
  functional food components (note 1012-1014
  microparticles are ingested each day per person
  (Silicates TiO2)

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European Aerosol Production in 2005 According to
Countries
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