Phonological Development

1
Phonological Development
2
Agenda

• Phonological basic units Phones, phonemes,
  allophones
• Distinctive features of consonants
• Phonological Development
• Phonological processes
• Models of phonological development
• Assessment- Overview

3
phonology
4
Phonological knowledge
Phonological Rules (phonotactic knowledge)
Phonological units Allophone Phonemic
5
Distinctive features of consonants
Voicing
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
6
The sounds of English
7
The sounds of English
8
(No Transcript)
9
Distinctive features of vowels
Place of articulation
Portion of tongue involvement Front Center Back
Tongue position High Mid Low
10
The English vowels
11
Phonological development

• Pre-speech (Pre-first-word)
• First word

12
Pre-speech Vocal development

• Reflexive crying vegetative sounds (Birth-2
  months)
• Cooing laughter (2-4 months)
• Expansion stage (Oller, 1980) Vocal play (Stark,
  1980) (4-6 months)
• Reduplicated (canonical) babbling (6 months and
  up)
• Non-reduplicated babbling / Variegated babbling
• First word

13
From babbling to First word
Adult-like word
Invented words (protowords / quasiwords)
Childish words
14
Phonological processes
Substitution processes
Syllable structure processes (Deletions)
Assimilatory processes
15
Phonological Processes

• Processes disappearing by 3 years
• Unstressed syllable deletion
• Final consonant deletion
• Reduplication
• Fronting
• Consonant assimilation
• Voicing

• Processes persisting after 3 years
• Cluster reduction
• Gliding
• Devoicing
• Stopping
• Vocalization
• Deaffrication

16
(No Transcript)
17

• Deletion of initial consonants
• Glottal replacement
• Backing of velars

18
Five commonly cited Norms for Consonant
Development
19
Age Ranges of Normal Consonant Development
20
Models of Phonological Development

• Behaviorist models
• Biologically-based models
• Cognitive-problem solving models
• Connectionist models

21
Assessment-Overview

• Primary purposes
• Describing the articulatory or phonological
  development and status of the client
• Determining whether the individuals speech
  sufficiently deviates from normal expectations to
  warrant concern or intervention
• Identifying factors that relate to the presence
  or maintenance of the speech disorder
• Making prognostic judgments about change with and
  without intervention
• Monitoring changes in articulatory or
  phonological abilities and performance across time

22
Articulation tests

• Screening Tests
• A Screening Deep Test of Articulation (McDonald,
  1976)
• Templin-Darley Test of Articulation (Templin
  Darley, 1969)
• Articulation Tests Arizona Articulation
  Proficiency Scale (Fudala Reynolds, 1986)
• Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation (Fisher
  Logemann, 1971)
• Assessment of Phonological Processes (Hodson,
  1986)
• Phonological Process analysis (Weiner, 1979)
• Speech Sampling
• Errors ( number, type, and consistency)
• Correct productions
• Intelligibility
• Speech rate
• Prosody