Mosquito Breeding Habitats in SSP in Gujarat

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Mosquito Breeding Habitats in SSP in Gujarat
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Relationship of Poverty with Malaria in the
Indian States Below Poverty Line in 1999-2000
Total malaria cases in India
Malaria cases in BPL states
P. vivax cases in BPL states
Total P. falci- parum cases in India
P.falci-parum cases in BPL states
Total malaria cases in BPL states
NAMP population in BPL states at
risk of malaria
Total P. vivax cases in India
Year 1965 28.99 99,667 29,576
29.67 73,504 29.24
26,163 30.89 1970 50.35 694,017 199,743
28.78 593,902 26.08 100,115
44.98 1975 50.01 5,166,142 1,843,681
35.68 4,436,891 29.70 729,251
72.09 1980 49.82 2,898,140 1,055,750
36.42 2,310,129 26.47 588,011
75.51 1985 49.86 1,864,380 940,788
50.46 1,319,375 39.11 545,005
77.94 1990 50.15 2,018,783 804,148 39.83
1,266,665 27.40 752,118
60.75 1995 48.47 2,296,008 1,465,078 50.06
1,503,877 37.25 792,131
70.24 2000 52.59 2,019,065 1,404,737 69.57
971,149 49.28 1,047,916
88.37
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Malaria and Poverty

• Malaria-wheels within wheels
• Malaria- a development issue
• Malaria control should rely on poverty
  alleviation for human development, social
  security sustainable environment

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MALNAD REGION, INDIA
Dense Forests were replaced by coffee
plantations. An. fluviatilis transmitted malaria
disappeared. Malnad is healthy.
Malnad
50,000 Sq Km Area
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MALARIA IN PUNJAB

• Malaria epidemic in Punjab in 1908 caused 300,000
  deaths in 20 million populations over a period of
  three years.
• Malaria in Punjab flares up after July-August
  rains. The malaria mortality figures of Punjab
  from 1867-1943 revealed that in 77-years
  majority of malaria peaks were followed by 8-year
  cycle.
• The relationship of rainfall with malaria was
  investigated and epidemic forecasting methods
  were developed in Punjab.
• Irrigation changed the malaria epidemiology and
  the region was converted to endemic malaria.

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Rice Cultivation and Malaria in Punjab
Share of Cropped Area 1970-73 7.6 1996-98 28.4
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Bioenvironmental Malaria control at the Indian
Oils Ltd. Mathura, U.P.
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Bioenvironmental Malaria Control in BHEL and
IDPL, Hardwar, Uttranchal
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Malaria Outbreak in Bargi Dam area in Narayanganj
PHC, M.P.
Dam impounded
Dam
Dam completed
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Malaria Control in Karnataka in Partnership with
PHC System

• Major silk producing region. Farmers unwilling to
  allow the use of DDT
• High malaria incidence and deaths
• Major Breeding habitats of An. culicifacies
• Wells Species A (Vector Species)
• Streams Species B (Non-Vector Species)
• All wells mapped and fishes released
• Malaria cases declined sharply

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Impact of Fishes on Malaria
Malaria cases
Malaria cases
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(No Transcript)
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Rise of malaria in DDT sprayed villages. In 1998
fishes were released in problem villages.
Malaria Cases
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Impact of SP spraying (1996-98) on Malaria. In
2002 fishes were released to control mosquitoes
Malaria cases
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SITUATION ANALYSIS OF BETUL DISTRICT, MADHYA
PRADESH
P. falciparum cases
Total malaria cases
Chloroquine Tablets in Lakhs
DDT sprayed in mt against 200 mt
Coverage
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Bioenvironmental Control of Malaria in Betul
District, Madhya Pradesh
Results of Monitoring Malaria Incidence in Betul
District
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Impact of Fishes on Malaria(Rise in 2000 was due
to epidemic in adjacent villages)
Malaria cases
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Impact of Bioenvironmental Interventions in 100
million population in Maharashtra
Interventions Started in 1997
Total Malaria Cases
P. falciparum Cases
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Impact of Fishes on Malaria
Malaria cases
Malaria cases
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Impact of Bioenvironmental Interventions in 100
million population in Maharashtra
Interventions Started in 1997
Total Malaria Cases
P. falciparum Cases
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Editorial   United against malaria  
WHOs Global Malaria Eradication Campaign
achieved some notable successes but it also
proved that, without a much more flexible and
variable strategy combined with poverty
reduction, self reliance and sound environmental
management, the war against this disease could
not be won.   Dr. Hiroshima Nakajima Director
General of WHO
World Health. 51st Year, No.3, May-June 1998
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(No Transcript)
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Dr. Halfdan Mahler, Former Director-General,
World Health Organization who initiated the
imaginative Small Pox Eradication Programme
saidAll countries benefit from the fruits of
Indias TB research-all countries except India
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Health Catastrophe of 21stCentury- Future Impact
of Malaria

• Malaria problem will prove a great hindrance to
  socio-economic development in the fields of
  health, education, land exploitation, mining,
  road construction, agriculture, tourism et al.
  leading to greater poverty and under-development

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SHARPENED OLD TOOLS AND UTILIZATION OF NEW TOOLS
AND STRATEGIES WILL PRODUCE MORE FOCUSED AND
SUSTAINABLE MALARIA CONTROL
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New Tools in Malaria Control

• MALARIA DIAGNOSIS
• Dipstick/pLDH tests
• TREATMENT
• Artemisinin Drug Combination
• ENVIRONMENT
• Health Impact Assessment
• VECTOR CONTROL
• Situation specific based on stratification, An.
  Sibling species, Bioenvironmental Methods,
  Treated Bed Nets, Bacillus thuringiensis, Neem
  Based Repellents, Selective Spraying

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POVERTY ALLEVIATION STRATEGIES WILL REDUCE
POPULATION AT THE RISK OF MALARIA
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BETTER QUALITY AND COVERAGE OF HEALTH SERVICES
WILL ACHIEVE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF MALARIA
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DEFORESTATION WILL DISLODGE HIGHLY EFFICIENT
VECTORS OF MALARIA Example Anopheles dirus
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HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT WILL BECOME MANDATORY
AND THIS WILL REDUCE RECEPTIVITY TO MALARIA
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ENHANCED COMMUNITY AWARENESS WILL HELP IN
MALARIA PREVENTION AND EARLY CASE DETECTION AND
PROMPT TREATMENT
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NEW DIAGNOSTICS, DRUGS, DRUG COMBINATIONS WILL
REDUCE MALARIA FROM EVEN THE MOST DIFFICULT
TERRAINS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSLate Professor
V.Ramalingaswami, FRSProfessor M.G.K. Menon,
FRSTHE INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCHTHE
NATIONAL ANTI MALARIA PROGRAMMEHEALTH
DEPARTMENTS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENTSSCIENTISTS
AND TECHNICAL STAFF OF THE MALARIA RESEARCH
CENTREAND ITS FIELD STATIONSNATIONAL AND
INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATING INSTITUTIONS