Current Status and Development Plans for the Nuclear Power Sector in Russia: Generation Capacity, an

1

• Current Status and Development Plans for the
  Nuclear Power Sector in Russia Generation
  Capacity, and Fuel-cycle Approaches

2
Map of Russian NPPs sites
10 NPPs, 31 units, N???.23242 MWt
3
Russian NPPs generation in 1992-2005
4
The dynamic of failures of Russian NPPs in
1992-2005
5
Trend of reactor scrams in 1992-2005
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Radiation and environmental safety at NPPs in 2006

• No incidents associated with radiological
  consequences and environmental pollution.
• Radioactivity of gas-aerosol effluents and liquid
  releases does not exceed the permissible values.
• Main dose limits are met at all the NPPs.

7
Main issues in operation of Russian NPPs in
2004-2006

• Metal corrosion and erosion processes
• Faults in operation of electric equipment
• Natural impacts

8
Examples of erosion-corrosion destructions
23.03.06 3SMO Damage of low-pressure steam lines
at turbine generator 6 of Smolensk NPP
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22.01.06 1KUR. Damaged equipment of the
openswitchyard 330 kV
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Volgodonsk NPP (January 29, 2005)
Intake channel covered with the ice
11
Natural impacts (birds)
7 failure of the open switchyard electric
equipment occurred in the period 2001- 2006 due
to the birds Novovoronezh 1 event Leningrad
2 events Kursk - 4 events
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Main areas of activities in 2004-2005

• Upgrading and LTE
• Improvement of the NPP effectiveness
• Improvement and ensuring of NPP equipment
  reliability
• Management of SNF and RW
• Preparations to decommissioning
• Emergency preparedness
• Human factor

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Factors promoting the performance of NPP lifetime
extension (LTE) activties

• Conservatism of the previously accepted design
  basis for justification of the 30-years life time
  for the operating NPPs
• Large scope of upgrading activities implemented
  during the design life time
• Specific costs for NPP lifetime extension are
  significantly lower then the investments required
  for construction if new NPP units

NPP operation experience allows to justify the
revision of the previously accepted NPP lifetime
durations
14
Radwaste management facilities taken into
operation in 2004-2006

• Kursk NPP unit 1 solid radioactive waste storage
• Kursk NPP radwaste accumulation and sorting
  facility
• Smolensk NPP liquid radwaste storage 2
• Solid radwaste temporal storage facility in the
  turbine hall of Smolensk NPP
• Storage polygon for the waste containing
  raidionuclides in permissible values at Balakovo
  NPP.

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Improvement of the SNF management

• Main pending issues safety ensuring in SNF
  storage and transportation from the NPP sites.
• Ways of resolution
• Implementation of the facilities for cask-type
  storage and transportation of the SNF from the
  RBMK NPPs
• Construction of the centralized dry storage for
  SNF from RBMKs and VVERs at Krasnoyarsk
• Establishment of the facilities ensuring removal
  of the SNF from the AMB reactors of Beloyarsk
  first stage
• Construction of additional SNF pit at Bilibino.

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Forecast of electricity generation in
Russia(Energy strategy of Russia for the period
to 2020)(approved by the Decree of the Russian
Government dated 28.08.03 ?1234-?)
Optimistic
bln.kW.hr/year
TOTAL
Medium
At NPPs
In the European part of Russia Growth of the NPP
generation share to 30 Growth coverage to 50
in average
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• In particular before 2030 to implement 40 GWt of
  electric power in the country and almost the same
  amount abroad.
• To achieve this it is necessary
• 1. Uranium problem
• 2. The problem of SNF and radwaste
• 3. Machine-building base
• 4. Constructional base
• 5. Road-map

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• Construction policy
• 1. Units completion (from 3 to 5) which have
  already been started to be built
• 2. To prepare NPP project 2006
• To take all the best which exists on PWR and to
  prepare and make a standard project. To ensue the
  construction velocity up 2 units to 2010.
• 3. By 2010 to realize the PWR project
  corresponding the best international models and
  to realize their serial production between 2010
  and 2020
• 4. By 2020 dimensioned scientific and further
  nuclear energy development must be realized

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• In the version of experimental-industrial complex
  creation for next generation nuclear fuel cycle
• processing
• To finish reactor BN-800 construction at
  Beloyarsk NPP
• BN-800 is necessary for practical confirmation of
  new safety level, new fuel type, construction
  materials and closed fuel cycle. Itll be
  implemented in 2012-2014
• Nowadays everything is restrained because of fuel
  production lack (the main question is where and
  how MOX fuel will be produced

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In the version of dimensioned serial construction
of commercially effective units of generation
with fuel production and SNF reprocessing

• Fast reactor based on sodium technology
• Development of head licensed project of
  commercial NPP-2014
• Production of the first loading in the Complex
  300 2018
• Creation of fuel production for serial NPPs
  2020
• NPP putting into operation (building) 2020
• Creation of SNF reprocessing production - 2025

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Specific indices

• Prime cost 3 cents per 1 Kw/h
• Specific cost 1000 per 1 Kw/h
• Annual delivery of electric power 13500 Gw/h a
  year
• Lifetime 60 years
• Staff coefficient 0,35 pers/Mw
• Coefficient of reproduction 1,3 with the
  possibility of increase to 1,5

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In Russia not less than 1,0 Gw a year

• Fast reactor with plumbum coolant (FRSC)
  creation of commercial block with fuel production
  and SNF reprocessing is possible by 2030
• High-temperature graphite reactor for
  energotechnological use (hydrogen and etc) and
  electric energy production prototypical unit by
  2017 and the head four unit NPP with fuel
  production by 2025
• Regional NPP
• Floating NPPs on the basis of energy facilities
  from ice-breakers are viewed. The first NPP is
  being built in Murmansk

23
Desirable and expected composition and structure
of reactor park of Russia

• 2020 45 Gw TR
• 2030 50 Gw TR and 5 Gw FR
• 2040 55 Gw TR and 15 Gw FR

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Level of readiness of Russian nuclear industry
engineering base for realization of the next
generation nuclear fuel cycle creation project

• In the version of experimental-industrial complex
• - Technical project BN-800 is approved and
  theres a license for building and construction
  has been started.
• - Creation of BN-800 is a necessary step before
  creation of commercial reactor
• - Technology of MOX fuel production was
  elaborated and tested
• - Theres readiness for development of technical
  project for fuel production.
• - In BN-800 commercial reactor fuel capacity
  should be proved
• - SNF reprocessing was tested in Research
  Institute and is ready for realization at RT-1
  (variant without separation of uranium and
  plutonium is possible).

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In the version of serial construction of
commercially effective power units of next
generation with fast reactors.

• Initial phase, elaboration of commercial reactor
  conception.
• All the complex of activities with the sodium
  coolant technology confirms possibility of
  development of necessary technologies for the
  projects of commercial reactors and nuclear fuel
  cycle facilities.
• There arent constructional materials for deep
  fuel burn-out
• Theres no project for fuel production

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Spent fuel management

• Fuel of WWR-440 reactor type is reprocessed at
  the plant RT-1 at the Urals. Fuel of WWR-1000 and
  RBMK in Krasnoyarsk region.
• Pond storage (wet) (Spent fuel storage-1)
• SFS-1 capacity for SNF of WWR-1000 is 6000 tons
  (by uranium dioxide). SNF for storage is received
  from three Russian NPPs (Novovoronezh, Balakovo
  and Kalinin), four Ukranian NPPs
  (Southern-Ukranian, Zaporozhskaya, KHmelnitskaya,
  Rovenskaya) and one Bulgarian NPP (Kozloduy).
  SNF reception is foreseen at Volgodonsk NPP.

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• Design storage volume of RBMK-1000 SNF of
  launching complex is 5082 tons (U)
• Design total volume is 37785 tons (U),
  including
• 26510 tons (U) ?B??-1000
• 11275 tons (U) WWR-1000
• Real amount of SNF isnt shown in tons U, but
  in uranium dioxide tons (U?2), because this
  dioxide is nuclear fuel.
• Thus real amount of SNF at a dry storage is
• 37785 U?2 / U 37785/238 42865 tons U?2.